Greener
Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9(1),
pp. 095-101, 2019 ISSN:
2276-7770 Copyright
©2019, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s) DOI Link: http://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2019.1.022819040 http://gjournals.org/GJAS |
|
Effect
of Fertilizer Types on Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Cassava in Ondo Southwestern Nigeria Using Farmers’ Simulation Method
Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo,
Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria
ARTICLE INFO |
ABSTRACT |
Article
No.: 022819040 Type: Research DOI: 10.15580/GJAS.2019.1.022819040 |
Many subsistence farmers
find it difficult to apply the right dose of fertilizer using conventional
Kg/ha or t/ha style of recommendation that are normally interpreted to the
farmers by the Agricultural Extension Agents. Two field experiments were
conducted to determine the effect of fertilizer types on nutrient uptake and
yield of cassava using farmer simulation method at Adeyemi
College Agricultural Research Farm in Ondo,
southwest Nigeria. There were two sites A and B. NPK 15:15:15, Urea, Single
Super Phosphate (SSP), Muriate of Potash (MOP),
Wood Ash (WA) and Poultry Manure (PM) were used as treatments. Mineral
fertilizers were each applied at 300kg/ha using a beer cap as a measure of
the treatment while WA and PM were applied at 10t/ha using an improvised tin
can. There was a control experiment without fertilizer application. The
treatments were arranged on Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated
three times. Compared with control, NPK, MOP, SSP, Urea, PM and WA
significantly increased (p < 0.05) plant N, P uptake, cassava root yield
and plant growth parameters at both locations. Among the treatments, WA
recorded the highest Ca, K, Na and Mg uptake. All the treatments significantly increased
whole tuber weight, peeled tuber weight and tuber length compared with
control in location A and B. The percentage increase in whole tuber weight
in location A was in the order of NPK (32%) > WA (24.45%) > PM (21.7%)
> SSP (5.98%) > MOP (4.34) > Urea (2.7%) while the order of
increase in tuber weight in location B was PM (74.4%)> WA (74%)>NPK
(37%)>SSP (6%)>MOP (4%)>Urea (2%). |
Submitted: 28/02/2019 Accepted: 12/03/2019 Published: |
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*Corresponding
Author Dr.
Ayeni L.S. E-mail:
leye_sam@ yahoo.com |
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Keywords: |
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INTRODUCTION
Many local farmers are of the opinion
that cassava can perform well on any type of soil whether fertile or not (Janssens, 2001), even in a depleted soil (Obisesan,
2013). But,
the present fertility status of soils in most parts of Nigeria can no longer
sustain optimum production of cassava (Adeleye and Ayeni, 2010). They even prefer to grow yams and other
arable crops in fertile soils because they believe that cassava can tolerate
any type of soils The assertion that cassava will perform well in any type of
soil is wrong as the soils of Nigeria are declining very fast in plant
nutrients (Ojeniyi, 2008). There is soil degradation
and dwindling of the available land needed for growing of arable crops; hence
soils are no longer as fertile as they were before. Many farmers also believe
that application of mineral fertilizers to cassava may cause tubers
deterioration, poor storage, low nutrient quality and increase in puric/hydrocyanic acid; but fertilizer application is
unavoidable as a result of nutrients depletion of agricultural soils.
Many subsistence farmers in southwestern Nigeria are not well educated
therefore they find it difficult to apply the right dose of fertilizer using
conventional Kg/ha or t/ha style of recommendation that are normally
interpreted to the farmers by the Agricultural Extension Agents. For example, a matchbox holds about 25g of
mineral fertilizer, a teaspoon contains 4g, a tablespoon 16g and a cup holds
250g. It is better to perform experiments that could fit into farmers’ system
of farming otherwise there would be no or little adoption of the outcome of the
research by farmers. Using farmers’ simulation method to perform experiments would
reduce the error that might have come up as a result of difference in the
method adopted for measurement by the researcher and the farmer field. Using the local method of applying the right
dose of fertilizer i.e. tin can, bottle cap, matches etc. would go a long way
in alleviating farmers’ problems of wrong fertilizer use.
Cassava,
one of the main tuberous crops of Nigeria is also a major crop in southern
Nigeria (FAO, 1996). The importance of cassava cannot be under
estimated if the country wants to achieve its objective in optimum food
production. Apart from the fact that it is a staple food consumed by the populace
(MoAFS, 2012), it can also be used to feed livestock. Starch can also be derived from it and the leaves that fall from the
stems add organic matter to the soil. When fully matured, leaves of cassava
plant forms canopy that suppresses weed thereby reducing weeding.
Therefore,
it is important to investigate the use of locally sourced organic materials,
which are cheap, environmentally friendly and probably have long term effect
for improving and sustaining the productivity of soils and arable land.
This project work focuses on the use of mineral fertilizers
such as CAN, NPK, Phosphate, NPK15:15:15 and their combinations, and organic
fertilizers to grow cassava as well as to improve fertility of the soil. The objective of the research is to compare the effect of selected fertilizer types on
nutrients uptake growth and tuberisation of cassava.
MATERIALS
AND METHOD
Site
Description
This experiment was
conducted at the teaching and research farm, Department of Agricultural
Science, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo
State. The soil was gently sloppy and
coarse in texture. The soil used was typically sandy soil. The site was free
from shaded trees and had been previously cultivated. The soil was well drained.
Soil samples were taken from 0 – 20 cm for nutrients determination before the
conduct of the experiments to show the nutrient status of the two locations,
soil pH was determined in 1:2 soil/CaCl2., soil OM was determined by the normal
dichromate oxidation method (Black, C.A., 1965), total N was determined by Mickrockjedahl method and available P was determined colourimetrically
(Bray and
Kurtz, 1945).
Exchangeable bases were extracted with 1M NH4OAC at pH 7.0. Na and K
were determined by flame photometer (Brown and Lilleland,
1958) method
while Ca and Mg were read with atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
The land was cleared;
all roots, stumps and debris were removed. Ridges were made of 5m x 5m. There
was a discard area of 1m apart. The popular varieties of cassava TMS 419 was
planted with the stem cutting of 25cm length (Odedina
et al., 2015) with a spacing of 1m x 1m in slanting position of angle 45o.
The experiment was
arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. There
were seven treatments namely, wood ash (10t/ha), poultry manure (10t/ha), muriate of potash (300kg/ha), NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer
(300kg/ha), Single super phosphate fertilizer (300kg/ha), urea fertilizer
(300kg/ha) and control. Beer cap was used to apply the mineral fertilizers while
tin can was used to apply wood ash and poultry manure into the plots. Poultry
manure was cured for two weeks under shade to reduce the toxic effect as a
result of heat. Poultry manure and wood ash were applied in ring form two weeks
after planting. Cassava spends more than six weeks in soil before maturity, this
means, poultry manure would still release enough nutrients to the soil for
cassava uptake even without using the conventional method of two weeks
before planting.
Two
months later urea, NPK, muriate of potash and single
superphosphate fertilizers were applied to the base of each of the cassava in
ring form on each plot.
Cutlass and hoe were used for weeding at
three weeks intervals for seven months till the cassava formed a canopy (Pellet
et al., 1997).
Data
Collection
Five plants from each
plots were randomly selected, tagged and were used for data collection. Data
was collected on growth of cassava such as plant height, number of leaves,
nodes and main branches. Cassava height was measured with a measuring rule
while the number of leaves, nodes and main branches were done by visual
counting. Whole tuber size and peeled tuber were each weighed with a weighing
machine. Tuber length was determined by a measuring rule.
Plant
Nutrient Uptake
Fresh leaves were
collected from tagged plants on each plot and transported inside a well labeled
paper envelope to the laboratory. The leaves were washed with distilled water,
air dried and put inside a hot air oven present to a temperature of 650C
for about 24hours and dried to a constant weight. The nutrients determined were
N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Nutrient uptake was analysed from
wet digest of the samples (AOAC, 2000).
Statistical Analysis
Data were subjected to analysis of variance
and separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test
Result and
Discussion
Table 1 showed the
soil properties before the conduct of the experiment. The soil properties
showed that the soil was slightly acidic. The soil was deficient in OM, total N
and available P. Potassium K, Ca, Mg,
Fe, Cu and Zn were adequate for production of cassava in southwestern Nigeria (Adeoye and Agboola, 1985). The
OM, N and P status shows that the soil requires additional nutrient from
external source for optimum cassava production.
The analysis of the textural class of the soil
showed that the soil was sandy loam with high percentage of sand and clay (sand
88.1%, silt 8% and 3.79%). This shows that the soil might be prone to high
leaching and erosion that might cause nutrient depletion.
Table 1
Pre-Cropping Soil Chemical Properties
_______________________________ |
||
Soil
Properties |
Location
A |
Location
B |
________________________________ |
||
pH |
5.6 |
5.2 |
OM
(%) |
2.1 |
1.97 |
N
(%) |
0.12 |
0.1 |
P
(mg kg-1) |
5.79 |
5.67 |
Exchange
bases ( C mol kg-1) |
||
K |
0.17 |
0.15 |
Ca |
4.13 |
2.23 |
Mg |
1.45 |
1.12 |
Na |
1.2 |
1.1 |
Micronutrient
(mg kg-1) |
||
Fe |
25.98 |
30.12 |
Zn |
5.99 |
6.12 |
Cu |
0.6 |
1.2 |
___________________________ |
Nutrient
Composition of Wood Ash, Poultry Manure, N.P.K, Urea, Murate
of Potash and Phosphate Fertilizer
Table 2 shows the
nutrient composition of the wood ash (WA), poultry manure (PM), NPK, Muriate of Potash (MOP), single super phosphate (SSP) and
urea fertilizer. Wood ash and poultry manure contained Ca and Mg which were not
present in NPK, MOP, SSP and urea fertilizers. The assertion that wood ash and
poultry manure contain plant nutrients was supported by Belay
et al. (2001). Urea had the highest amount of N, MOP had the highest K content while SSP had the highest
amount of phosphorus.
Table 2: Nutrient
Composition of Wood Ash, Poultry Manure, NPK, urea, Murate
of Potash and Phosphate Fertilizer
Treatments |
Nutrient
Composition (%) |
||||
|
N |
P |
K |
Ca |
Mg |
Wood Ash |
0.2 |
1.53 |
2.69 |
14.2 |
2.67 |
PM |
3.5 |
1.78 |
1.2 |
1.21 |
2.15 |
NPK |
15 |
15 |
15 |
- |
- |
MOP |
- |
- |
60 |
- |
- |
SSP |
|
20 |
|
|
|
Urea |
46 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Effect of
Fertilizer Types on Nutrient Uptake of Cassava
The data in Table 5 shows the effect of
fertilizer types on nutrient uptake by cassava in location A. Relative to
control, all the treatments significantly increased (P<0.05) plant N except
MOP and SSP. Relative to control, PM, NPK and SSP significantly increased plant
P relative to control. Wood ash, PM, NPK and SSP significantly increased plant
K. It was observed that only WA and PM significantly increased plant Mg and Ca.
Table 3:
Effect of Fertilizer Types on Nutrient Uptake of Cassava in location A
Treatments |
N |
P |
K |
Ca |
Mg |
Na |
Control |
0.58b |
0.14c |
0.34b |
0.10c |
0.34b |
0.03b |
WA |
0.79b |
0.23b |
2.87a |
1.67a |
1.13a |
0.17a |
PM |
0.92ab |
0.45a |
2.77a |
1.48a |
1.02a |
0.09b |
NPK |
1.09a |
0.47a |
2.89a |
0.71b |
0.44b |
0.03b |
Urea |
1.29a |
0.18c |
2.15b |
0.09c |
0.37b |
0.03b |
MOP |
0.46b |
0.19c |
3.93a |
0.11c |
0.33b |
0.05b |
SSP |
0.59b |
0.89a |
2.36a |
0.08 |
0.36b |
0.06b |
Means with the same letter are not
significantly different using Duncan Multiple Range Test
In location B, compared with control, NPK,
Urea, WA and PM significantly increased plant N Table 4. The cassava plants
that were fertilized with SSP, NPK, PM and WA significantly increased plant P
relative to control. The K content in cassava leaves was significant in WA, PM
NPK and MOP. The Ca content in cassava leaves was significant in the plants
that were treated with WA, PM, MOP and SSP relative to control while Na was
only significant in WA and PM Table 4.
Table
4: Effect of fertilizer types on nutrient uptake of cassava in Location B |
||||||
_________________________________________________________________ |
||||||
Treatment
|
N |
P |
K |
Ca |
Mg |
Na |
% |
||||||
_________________________________________________________________ |
||||||
Control |
0.32b |
0.12b |
0.30b |
.04c |
0.33b |
0.03b |
WA |
0.69a |
0.39a |
1.92a |
1.92a |
1.11a |
0.39a |
PM |
0.69a |
0.49a |
1.82a |
1.82aa |
1.32a |
0.41a |
NPK |
0.78a |
0.45a |
1.90a |
1.90a |
0.47b |
0.05b |
Urea |
0.99a |
0.18b |
0.42bb |
0.42b |
0.42b |
0.03b |
MOP |
0.37b |
0.16b |
1.89a |
1.89a |
0.39b |
0.07b |
SSP |
0.38b |
0.49a |
0.41b |
0.41b |
0.32b |
0.07b |
_________________________________________________________________ |
Means with the same letter are not
significantly different using Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Table 5 below showed the agronomic parameters
of cassava fertilized with mineral and organic fertilizers. NPK 15:15:15
fertilizer recorded the highest increase in plant height, number of node,
number of main branches and number of plantable
stems. Among the fertilizer treatments, MOP recorded the least plant height, number
of nodes, number of leaves and number of plantable stems
while SSP recorded the least number of leaves.
Table 5: Effect of
Fertilizer types on growth parameters and planting materials of cassava in
location A
_________________________________________________________________________ |
||||||||||||
Treatment
|
Plant
height (
cm) |
No. of nodes /plant |
No
of leaves /plants |
No of main branches/ plant |
No of plantable
stem/ Plant
(25cm) |
No of nodes/ Plantable stem 25cm |
||||||
_________________________________________________________________________ |
||||||||||||
Control |
120b |
104.6d |
183.6a |
3.0a |
3.0b |
8c |
||||||
WA |
196a |
266.3b |
117.3c |
4.6a |
9.44a |
16a |
||||||
PM |
195a |
226.6c |
84.3d |
5.0a |
8.0ab |
13b |
||||||
NPK |
210a |
310.0a |
156.6b |
5.3a |
11.2a |
20a |
||||||
Urea |
180a |
262b |
156.6b |
5.0a |
9.8a |
18a |
||||||
MOP |
100b |
111.6d |
47.6e |
3.6a |
3.8b |
8c |
||||||
SSP |
133ab |
305a |
15.6f |
3.3a |
8.2a |
17a |
||||||
_________________________________________________________________________ |
||||||||||||
Means with the same letter are not
significantly different using Duncan Multiple Range Test.
In location B, compared with control, all the
treatments significantly increased plant height Table 6. Wood ash, PM. NPK Urea
and SSP significantly increased nodes in cassava stem. The number of plantable cuttings were significant in fertilized PM, NPK,
Urea and MOP Table 6. All the treatments were significantly higher than the
control in the number of nodes in plantable cuttings.
Table 6:
Effect of Fertilizer types on growth parameters and planting materials of
cassava in location B
___________________________________________________________________________ |
||||||||
Treatment |
Plant
height (cm) |
No. of nodes/ Plant |
No
of leaves/ plants |
No of main branches/ plant |
No of stem cutting/ Plant |
No
of nodes/ Cutting |
||
_________________________________________________________________________ |
||||||||
Control |
72.0d |
95b |
25b |
4.1a |
7b |
7c |
||
WA |
126.3b |
103a |
62a |
6.3a |
9b |
13a |
||
PM |
134.3b |
114a |
62a |
6.4a |
15a |
14a |
||
NPK |
176.3a |
115a |
68a |
6.4a |
15a |
14a |
||
Urea |
161.3a |
101a |
67a |
4.3a |
17a |
10ab |
||
MOP |
114.3c |
99b |
30b |
3.2a |
15a |
10ab |
||
SSP |
100.0c |
97ab |
37b |
5.1a |
10a |
15a |
||
_________________________________________________________________________ |
||||||||
|
Means with the same letter are not
significantly different using Duncan Multiple Range Test
In Location A, compared with control, all the
treatments significantly increased fresh tuber weight, tuber length and peeled
tuber weight (Table 7 ). Among the fertilizer
treatments, NPK recorded the highest cassava whole tuber, weight of peeled
cassava tuber and tuber length. The increase in whole tuber were
NPK>WA>PM>MOP>SSP>Urea.
Table 7:
Effect of Fertilizer types on Yield of Cassava location A
_______________________________________________________ |
|||||
Treatment
|
Whole
tuber weight / ha |
Weight
of peeled cassava
tuber/ha |
%increase In
whole tuber cassava |
Tuber
length (cm) |
|
______________________________________________________ |
|||||
Control |
18.4c |
15.64c |
- |
9.81c |
|
WA |
22.9b |
19.44b |
24.45 |
26.93a |
|
PM |
22.2b |
18.87b |
21.7 |
22.52a |
|
NPK |
24.3a |
20.64a |
32 |
32.51a |
|
Urea |
18.9c |
16.06c |
2.7 |
17.77b |
|
MOP |
19.2c |
16.32c |
14,34 |
20.15ab |
|
SSP |
19.5c |
16.57c |
5.98 |
15.43b |
|
_____________________________________________________ |
|||||
Means with the same letter are not
significantly different using Duncan Multiple Range Test
In location B, compared with control, WA, PM
and NPK significantly increased cassava whole tubers and peeled tubers relative
to control. The percentage increase in whole tuber weight were in the order PM
(74.4%)> WA (74%)>NPK (37)>SSP (6%)>MOP (4%)>Urea (2%). All the
treatments significantly increased length of cassava tuber.
Table
8: Effect of fertilizer types on yield of cassava in location B |
||||
_________________________________________________________________ |
||||
Treatment |
whole
tuber/ha |
peeled
tuber/ha |
%
Increase in whole tuber |
tuber
length |
________________________________________________________________ |
||||
Control |
10.12c |
8.24b |
- |
16.24c |
WA |
17.61a |
13.27a |
74 |
30.42a |
PM |
17.00a |
14.12a |
74.4 |
31.64a |
NPK |
14.00b |
12.00b |
37 |
26.12b |
Urea |
10.32c |
8.76b |
2 |
20.14b |
MOP |
10.50c |
8.93b |
4 |
21.12b |
SSP |
10.70c |
9.12b |
6 |
37.4a |
_________________________________________________________________ |
Means with the same letter are not
significantly different using Duncan Multiple Range Test
DISCUSSION
The deficient in OM, N and P of the soil used in the conduct of the experiments
in locations A and B shows that the soil required additional nutrients from
external source for optimum cassava production. This result on soil fertility
is in line with the assertion of Agbede et al., (2008),who observed that most of the soils in southwestern Nigeria are low in
plant nutrients. The high percentage of sand in the two locations indicates
that they might be prone to erosion, leading to deficiency in major nutrients
especially the cations beyond the cassava root zone. It was observed that wood
ash and poultry manure contained Ca, Mg and Na which were not present in all
the mineral fertilizers used in this research. The plants treated with WA and
PM might supply more nutrients in proper balance that are needed for optimum
production of cassava than the mineral fertilizers that contained either one or
two of the nutrients required for cassava production. Excess of N in urea, P in
SSP, and K in MOP might cause nutrient antagonism especially in location A leading to nutrients imbalance which might negatively
affect crop production. It was observed
that the leaves of cassava absorbed more N in the plants treated with urea,
more P in the plants treated with SSP and more K in the soil fertilized with
MOP. Also, the plant grown with WA recorded the highest Ca and Mg. This shows
that cassava plants absorb the nutrients readily available to them. It was also
observed that all the treatments recorded P uptake than the control despite the
fact that MOP and urea contain no P in their formulation. This might be as a
result of the ability of cassava fibrous to absorb P through myccorhization. This assertion agrees with Leo and Vernon’s (2015) statement that, cassava’s fibrous
roots usually become infected with native soil mycorrhiza,
thus resulting in hyphae formation which
help in the uptake and transport of P to
the cassava roots.
The better increase
in tuber yield of cassava in soil treated with fertilizers input than the
control in the two locations might be as a result of nutrients supplied by the
fertilizers. The better performance of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer in increasing
tuber weight than the other mineral fertilizers might be the presence of N, P
and K in the fertilizer which are primary nutrients
that enhance good crop performance. Increase in cassava yield in the soils
fertilized with NPK fertilizer is in line with Kamaraj
et al. (2008) who reported increase in yield of cassava when NPK fertilizer was
applied. The wood ash and PM performed favourably with NPK fertilizer in terms of tuber weight and
tuber length.
It was observed in
this experiment that there was a sharp difference between location A and B in
cassava yield. NPK had the highest increase in cassava tuber yield especially
the whole tuber weight and the peeled tuber weight in location A while WA and
PM recorded the highest yield in location B this might be as a result of the difference in nutrient status of the
two locations. Calcium was high in initial soil of
location A while it was low in location B. Cassava plants in location B
absorbed more Ca and Mg than any of the nutrient elements used as parameters in
this study. Calcium is known to enhance tuberisation
while Mg is known to take part in chlorophyll formation. Though there was low yield
of cassava in location B yet the percentage increase in whole cassava tuber
indicates that WA and PM perform better than NPK fertilizer. The Ca and Mg
content present in WA and PM might have compensated for the low soil Ca and Mg
of location B. The high tuber yield recorded in cassava fertilized with NPK
fertilizer in location A might be the N, P and K present in NPK fertilizer
coupled with inherent Ca from the soil because NPK 15: 15: 15 fertilizer has no
Ca and Mg in its composition. Ayeni et al., (2010)
showed that WA and PM have Ca, Mg and micronutrients which are not present in
industrially manufactured NPK fertilizers. The better performance of poultry
manure and wood ash might be as a result of slow release of nutrients that meet
the vegetative and reproductive cycle of cassava. Organic manures normally mineralise late than mineral fertilisers
which are quicker in mineralization in plant nutrients than organic wastes. These
experiments show that crops up to six months to one year are expected to
benefit from organic manures than mineral fertilisers.
CONCLUSION
Investigation into the use of wood ash,
poultry manure, single superphosphate and muriate of
potash for cassava production was carried out in Ondo Southwestern Nigeria. The result form the two locations
showed that poultry manure and wood ash respond well in the soil that is not
fertile.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the Tertiary
Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) and the Management of Adeyemi
College of Education for providing fund for this research.
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