Food insecurity, hunger, malnutrition and undernourishment are on the rise in Nigeria and Ebonyi state in particular. This study analysed the factors promoting food insecurity among rural farming households in Ebonyi state of Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select three hundred rural farming households for the study. Frequency and percentage distribution, likert rating scale and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression model were used to analyse data. Findings show that majority of the respondents 55.2% had no formal education while 93.7% had no access to formal loan. Results also show that factors such as poverty (mean = 3.7), poor crop yield (mean = 3.6), illiteracy (3.5), lack of improved crop/livestock varieties (mean = 3.4), lack of governmental support (mean = 3.3), high cost of farm input (mean = 3.2), pests/disease attack (mean = 3.1) and socio-political crises (3.0) play critical role in promoting food insecurity. Result of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 78.2%, while the adjusted (R2) was 64.5%. Thus, it was recommended that government should provide adequate security and farm incentives such as grants, subsidized inputs, loan, improved crop/livestock varieties and modern farm equipment for the rural farming households to enable then overcome food insecurity in Ebonyi state in particular and Nigeria at large.