INTRODUCTION
Sesame is an oleagineous, dicotyledon,
self-pollinated plant of the Pedaliaceae (Guyot, 1992). World production is about 3.3 million tons
per year (Fao, 2006). Average global sesame yield in
2010 was 3.84 million tons grown on an area of 7.8 million hectares. The
largest producer of sesame seeds in 2013 was Burma. The world largest exporter
of sesame seeds was India, while Japan the largest importer (Faostat, 2013). World total cultivation area under sesame
was 9,398,770 ha, producing 4.76 million tons (Fao,
2013), which has risen from 1.12 million tons in the early 1961s (Faostat, 2015). Asia and Africa grow 70% and 26% of world
sesame, respectively (Hansen, 2011). It is cultivated on the five continents.
In Congo, Sesame is cultivated at Mouyondzi (Mandoukou-Yembi, 2008) and Mbama
as well as Okouessé (Nzikou,
2009), departments of Bouénza and Cuvette,
respectively. It is used for local trade and consumption. Its seeds in market
are scarce. They are used in cake shops as well as in cooking nutritional
complements (Mandoukou-Yembi, 2008).
It
prevents degenerative diseases, vascular-heart disease, memory loss, slows down
aging (Abou-Gharbia et al., 2000; Suja et al., 2004; Schnitzler E et
al., 2013). It controls ultra-violet rays (Nakano et al., 2003). Sesame oil can be used as a bio-fuel (Nayar, 2004). Concerning soil and climate, it is a depollution
species which can express phytoremediant power (Abhilash and Singh, 2010). It improves soil structure and
texture. It is also a bio-pesticide (Rodriguez Kabana et al., 1988; Sipes and Arakaki, 1997; Mc Sorley, 1999).
Seeds
of Sesame are oval and differently coloured. Their colour varies from white to black including brown with much
of intermediates. Seed size varies from 2 to 3 mm. Information is available about 19 colours of seeds (IPGRI and NBPGR, 2004).
Sesame
nutrition is very controversial (Okpara et al., 2007). Some authors stated the fertilisers effect, while others
did not (Shehu et
al., 2003). Thus, some works such as Rao et al., (1994) stated that mineral fertilisers improve the Sesame yielding. According to work
from Bezpaly (1984), a good response to organic and
mineral fertilisers was recorded. It is necessary to
bring about 10 tons’ ha-1 farm-yard manure well decomposed before
the last ploughing to improve physical, chemical and
biological properties of soil (Reddy et Party, 1995). Several organic fertilisers were used to improve yielding and growth in
Sesame, such as poultry, cow, sheep and cattle dung. Nonetheless, no
information is available about pig fertiliser.
Characteristics
of the growth, flowering and fructification of seedlings regenerated from
brownish and brown seeds, known as morphotypes, as
well as treatment effect of the latter with organic pig fertiliser
on the expression of the above mentioned characteristics are badly known. As
for morphotypes, nonetheless, let us note that Sadou and Amoukou (2002) studying
the chemical composition of twenty-seven well-performing varieties of Sesame which
originated from Niger discriminated them into six clusters according to colour of their seedy coat. These clusters showed
significant differences concerning the content in fat material and proteins. The
highlighting of likeness or difference would allow the understanding of genetic
relationships existing or not among alleles coding for expressions of different
phenotypes of the seed coat colour.
Regarding the treatments effect of organic pig fertiliser on the expression of some variables from stem,
leaf as well as flowering and fructification, works from Vijayakumari
and Hiranmai (2012) reported the use of organic fertilisers.
Likewise, qualitative or quantitative responses of these morphotypes
regarding doses of organic pig fertiliser could allow
to propose dose facilitating the growth of
reproductive and vegetative organs.
We
stated that brownish and brown morphotypes are
different and also the development of reproductive and vegetative organs would
be influenced by organic pig fertiliser.
The achieved work aimed to describe
characteristics from Sesame seedlings whose colours
of seeds coat are brownish and brown. Likewise, it also aimed to test effect of
organic pig fertiliser on the expression of some
variables from stem, leaf as well as flowering and fructification.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Physical framework, plant material, field preparation, sowing and experimental
design
Experiment was
carried out in the experiment field of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques
located at Bacongo quarters, namely at 15°15’17.3’’
West longitude, 4°17’1.7’’ North latitude and 291 metres
above sea. Study stretched out from January to May 2018. Climate is lower Congo
type marked by four seasons with two alternated dry and rainy seasons. Soil has
particle structure and its texture is clay sand.
Plant
material was composed of two morphotypes essentially characterised by the coat colour
of their seeds. It is about morphotype bringing the
brownish coat-seeds and those whose coats were brown. Seeds from Mbama, originated from Western Cuvette of Congo. These
seeds were given us by small farmers from above mentioned locations. After
receipt, they were sorted according to seed coat colour.
Experimental
area of 15 m x 12 m was measured. Field operations of site consisted in
clearing of weeds, soil was turned over then ridges were built. The latter
measured each 2.5 m x 1.3 m. Gaps between two successive ridges were 70 cm.
Each ridge brought three plantation rows. Gaps between two successive rows were
50 cm. An organic pig fertiliser allocated to ridges
as a function of planned doses. The latter were first weighted then spread on
the ridge. Three tested doses namely D1, D2 and D3 as well as one control
namely D0 were applied corresponding to 15 Kg, 30 Kg, 60 Kg and 0 Kg,
respectively (Table 1). This organic fertiliser was
used as basal fertilisation. Sowing by reason of three
seeds per seed pocket was used. After the germination, seedlings were separated
by maintaining one seedling per seed pocket. The separate seedlings were used
as replacement for seed pockets whose seeds did not germinate. Separating taken
place three weeks after the sowing.
A
two-factor factorial combination 2 x 4 in a randomised
complete block design was used. Morphotype and dose
were the two factors combined. Two morphotypes, coded
M, combined with 4 doses, coded D, were used. In total, six treatments, known
as T2, T3, T4, T6, T7 and T8 were applied T1 and T5 were used as controls
(Table 1). Treatment, coded T, is defined here as combination of variants of
factor morphotype, coded M, and that of dose, coded
D. Each treatment was carried out in triplicate.
Variables measurement
Measurements about
growth variables started from thirty days after the sowing. Data collection was
carried out every two weeks. Three variable groups were measured. It is about:
(i) variables from stem, (ii) variables from leaves and (iii) variables from
flowering and fructification. Regarding
variables from stem, the diameter at collar (DC), diameter of stem (DT), height
of seedling (HT) and number of primary branches (NRP) were measured. Concerning variables from leaves, the length of blade of the basal
leaf (LOLFB), width of blade of the basal leaf (LALFB), length of petiole of
the basal leaf (LOPFB), length of blade of the apical leaf. (LOLFA),
width of blade of the apical leaf (LALFA), length of petiole of the apical leaf
(LOPEFA), length of leaf blade from median stem (LOLFM), width of leaf blade
from median stem (LALFM) and length of leaf petiole from median stem (LOPEFM)
were measured. As for the variables from flowering and fructification, the
number of open flowers of the main stem (NFLET), number of floral buds of the
main stem (NBT), number of open flowers on the second last branch (NFLEPR),
number of floral buds of the second last branch (NBR) and number of total
fruits (NTC).
Data analysis
Xlstat and Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) softwares, versions 2007 and
22.0 were used, respectively. Parametric and non-parametric methods were
applied. Regarding the parametric ones, Anova and
Student’s two-sample t or Z test were used. In contrast, concerning the
abnormally distributed ones, the General Linear Model (GLM) was applied.
Separation of more than two means was done by using Student-Newman-Keuls’ and Student’s t or Z test at 5% likelihood.
Regarding Anova, the following model, corresponding
to randomised complete block design was used: Yij = μ + τi + ρj + eij. Where, Yij is observation of jth
experimental unit of treatment i; μ is general mean; τi is the effect of treatment i; ρj accounts for the jth replication or block effect; eij is the error. Error eij is
supposed to be normally distributed with nul mean and
variance σ2, that is to say, eij
~ N (0, σ2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Variation of the diameter at collar, diameter of stem, height of
seedling and number of primary branches as a function of both morphotypes and six tested treatments
Only one homogeneous
sub-set of tested treatments was noted for each of four variables measured.
Coefficient of variation stretched out from 3.73 to 19.41%. Consequently, the
two morphotypes "brownish" and
"brown" was not separate and, thus the six tested treatments were
classified together (Table 2).
Regarding
the diameter at collar, according to Dunnett’s test,
two classes were observed. First, corresponding to class "comparable to
control T1" and constituted of treatments T4, T6 as well as T5 as secondary
control, was characterised by means comparable to
that of main control T1. Inside this group, according to Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, treatment T4 and T6 recorded the highest
means. Second, accounting for class "beyond the control T1",
consisted of treatments T2, T3, T7 and T8. Inside this class, after
Student-Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, these four
previously cited treatments constituted only one group. Coefficient of
variation varied from 6.30 to 11.22% (Table 3).
As far as the
diameter of stem is concerned, after Dunnett’s test,
two sub-sets were recorded. Firstly, consisting of sub-set "comparable to
control T1" and constituted of treatments T4, T6 as well as T5 as
secondary control, was marked by means similar to that of principal control T1.
Inside this sub-set, after Student-Newman-Keuls’
test, treatment T4 expressed the highest mean. Secondly, composing sub-set
"beyond the control T1", constituted of treatments T2, T3, T6, T7 and
T8. Inside this class, Student-Student-Newman-Keuls’
test, provided only one sub-set. Coefficient of variation varied from 4.90 to
7.94% (Table 3).
For the height of
seedling, Dunnett’s test provided two classes. First,
consisting of class "comparable to control T1" and composed of tested
treatments T2, T3, T4, T6, T7 as well as T5 as secondary control, was singular
in means comparable to that of main control T1. Inside this sub-set, according
to Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, no significant
difference was noted among them. Secondly, composing class "beyond the
control T1", only constituted of treatment T8. Magnitude of variation
spread out from 9.99 to 16.51% (Table 3).
Regarding the number
of primary branches, according to Dunnett’s test, two
sub-sets were recorded. In the first, consisting of group "comparable to
control T1" and constituted of treatments T6, T7 as well as T5 as
secondary control, was distinguished by identical means to that of main control
T1. Inside this sub-set, Student-Student-Newman-Keuls’
test revealed only one group. In the second, consisting of group "beyond
the control T1", consisted of treatments T2, T3, T4 and T8. Inside this
group, Student-Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, showed
only one group. Coefficient of variation fluctuated from 10.58 to 15.17% (Table
3).
Influence of morphotype on the expression of 9
variables measured on leaves in the field
Eight variables out
of nine provided only one homogeneous sub-set of morphotype.
In contrast, the width of leaf blade from median stem (LALFM) structured factor
"Morphotype" into two sub-sets. In the
first, composed of sub-set "Morphotype
brownish", was characterised by low mean of the
width of leaf blade from median stem. In the second, consisted of sub-set
"Morphotype brown" differed in the first by
high mean of the width of leaf blade from median stem. Gap between means and
each of the variable modalities spread out from 6.71 to 19.90% (Table 4).
Concerning the width
of leaf blade from median stem (LALFM), after Dunnett’s
test, two sub-sets of three treatments each were without control. In the first,
composed of sub-set "comparable to control T1" namely treatments T2,
T3 and T4 was distinguished by means similar to that of principal control T1.
Inside this sub-set, according to Student-Newman-Keuls’
test, the three above mentioned treatments constituted only one sub-set. In the
second, consisting of sub-set "beyond the secondary control T5",
composed treatments T6, T7 and T8 was characterised
by means similar to that of principal control T5. Gap between mean and each of
individual modalities oscillated from 7.78 to 9.95% (Table 5).
As for the length of
blade of the basal leaf (LOLFB) and the width of blade of the basal leaf
(LALFB), after Dunnett’s test, two groups were
identified. Firstly, constituted of group "comparable to control T1"
namely treatments T3, T4, T6, T7 and T8, as well as T5 as secondary control,
was singular in means similar to that of principal control T1. Inside this
group, according to Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, the
five above mentioned treatments constituted only of one group. Secondly,
consisting of group "beyond the control T1", composed of only one
treatment T2. Gap between mean and each of the individual modalities oscillated
from 8.26 to 18.22% (Table 6).
Concerning the length
of petiole of the basal leaf (LOPFB), after Dunnett’s
test, two groups were evidenced. First, composed of group "comparable to
control T1" namely treatments T3, T4, T6 and T7, as well as T5 as
secondary control, differed above cited by means similar to that of principal control
T1. Inside this group, after Student-Newman-Keuls’
test, the four above mentioned treatments were composed of only one group.
Second, consisting of group "beyond the control T1", composed of T8
and T2 treatments. Likewise, inside this group, after Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, the two above mentioned treatments constituted
only one group. Gap between mean and each of individual modalities
fluctuated from 10.73 to 17.65% (Table 6).
As far as the length
of blade of the apical leaf (LOLFA), length of petiole of the apical leaf
(LOPEFA), length of leaf blade from median stem (LOLFM) and width of leaf blade
from median stem (LALFM) are concerned, after Dunnett’s
test, only one sub-set was recorded. This one was constituted of treatments
"comparable to control T1" known as T2, T3, T4, T6, T7 and T8 as well
as T5 as secondary control, were distinguished by means similar to that of
principal control T1. Inside this sub-set, according to Student-Newman-Keuls’ test, the six above mentioned treatments constituted
only one sub-set. Coefficient of variation stretched out from 1.94 to 18.88%
(Table 6).
Regarding the width
of blade of the apical leaf (LALFA), according to Dunnett’s
test, two classes were noted. In the first, composed of class "comparable
to secondary control T5" particularly treatments T2, T3, T4, T7 and T8 was
characterised by means comparable to that of
secondary control T5. Inside this group, Student-Newman-Keuls’
test evidenced only one class. In the second, constituted of class "beyond
the main control T1", composed of T6 treatment. In the same way, inside
this group, after Student’s parametric two-sample t test, only one class was
evidenced. Gap between mean and each of individual modalities oscillated from
9.55 to 19.41% (Table 6).
As for the length of
leaf petiole from median stem (LOPEFM), according to Dunnett’s
test, two sub-sets were recorded. Firstly, consisted of treatments
"comparable to principal control T1" particularly treatments T2, T3,
T4, T7 and T8, as well as T5 as secondary control were marked by means
comparable to that of secondary control T5. Inside this sub-set,
Student-Newman-Keuls’ test evidenced only one
sub-set. Second, constituted of sub-set "beyond the main control T1",
composed of only treatment T6. Gap between mean and each of the individual
modalities spread out from 8.25 to 12.55% (Table 6).
Influence of the morphotype on the expression of the five measured variables
of flowering and fructification
Four variables out of
five revealed only one homogeneous class of morphotype.
In opposite, the fifth, namely the number of floral buds of the second last
branch (NBR) organised factor "Morphotype" into two sub-sets. First, composed of
sub-set "Morphotype brownish", was
distinguished by low mean of the number of floral buds of the second last
branch (NBR). Second, consisted of sub-set "Morphotype
brown" was singular by high mean of the number of floral buds of the
second last branch (NBR). Coefficient of variation of all variables as a whole
stretched out from 3.27 to 10.77% (Table 7).
Concerning
the number of floral buds of the second last branch (NBR) of "Morphotype Brownish", after Dunnett’s
test, two groups of treatments were identified. In the first, composed of
sub-set "comparable to control T1" namely treatments T4 was
distinguished by means similar to that of principal control T1. Inside this
group, according to Student-Newman-Keuls’ test,
tested treatment T4 was higher than the control one T1. In the second,
constituted of sub-set "beyond the control T1" namely treatments T2
and T3 was characterised by means above that of main
control T1. For "Morphotype brown",
according to Dunnett’s test, two sub-sets of
treatments were identified. Firstly, composed of sub-set "comparable to
secondary control T5" namely treatments T6 was marked by identical mean to
that of secondary control T5. Inside this sub-set, after Student’s parametric
two-sample t test, T6 expressed mean comparable to that of secondary control
T5. Secondly, constituted of sub-set "beyond the control T5"
particularly treatments T7 and T8 was beyond the secondary control T5 (Table
7). Inside this sub-set, Student’s parametric two-sample t test showed no
significant difference between treatments T7 and T8. Magnitude of variation
between each mean and each of the measured variable modalities spread out from
8.35 and 16.39% (Table 8).
As far as the number
of open flowers of the main stem (NFLET) and the number of open flowers on the
second last branch (NFLEPR) are concerned, after Dunnett’s
test, only one class was evidenced. Inside this one, Student- Newman-Keuls’ test displayed no statistical difference among all
of six tested treatments. Coefficient of variation of the two variables varied
from 11.48 to 22.98% (Table 9).
As for the number of
floral buds of the main stem (NBT), according to Dunnett’s
test, two sub-sets were identified. Firstly, composed of treatment
"comparable to main control T1" namely treatment T6, was marked by
mean comparable to that of main control T1. Inside this sub-set, Student’s
parametric two-sample t test displayed only one sub-set. Secondly, constituted
of sub-set "beyond the main control T1", composed of treatments T2,
T3, T4, T7 and T8 as well as T5 as secondary control. Inside this one, after
Student’s two-sample t test, only one sub-set was classified. Gap between mean
and each of the individual modalities oscillated from 5.42 to 9.75% (Table 9).
Regarding
the number of fruits (NTC), after Dunnett’s test, two
groups were observed. In the first, consisted of treatments "comparable to
main control T1" namely treatments T2, T3 and T6 as well as T5 as
secondary control, was characterised by means
comparable to that of main control T1. Inside this group, Student-Newman-Keuls’ test showed two sub groups. These were main control
T1 and tested treatment T3, were singular in small and great means of the
number of fruit (NTC), respectively. In the second, constituted of group
"beyond the main control T1", composed of treatments T4, T7 and T8.
Inside this one, according to Student-Newman-Keuls’
test, only one homogeneous group was identified. Coefficient of variation
fluctuated from 13.27 to 18.26% (Table 9).
DISCUSSION
Discriminating power of four variables from
stem, nine variables from leaves and five variables from flowering and
fructification was used to describe two Sesame morphotypes.
Works from Okpara et al., (2007), Housseini
(2013) and Magalhães et al. (2017). Vijayakumari and Hiranmai (2012)
reported the use of organic fertilisers. Our works
showed effect of seed coat colour also called morphotype on the expression of the width of leaf blade
from median stem (LALFM). In the same way, the number of floral buds of the
second last branch (NBR) discriminated the two tested morphotypes.
Nonetheless, regarding the treatments effect, some variables were able to
discriminate them while others could not.
Regardless of tested treatments, the two morphotypes showed similar behaviours
in the garden of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques relatively to four measured
variables from stem namely the diameter at collar, diameter of stem, height of
seedling and number of primary branches (Tables). Likewise, for variables from
leaves as well as those from fructification and flowering, eight variables out
of nine as well as four variables out of five did not discriminate seeds from colour of their coats, respectively.
In contrast, the width of leaf blade from median
stem as well as number of floral buds of the second last branch did not
discriminate the two morphotypes. The lack of
discriminating power of variables could be due to the genetic identity or
proximity of these two morphotypes. Indeed, the two colours may be derived from two alleles of the same gene.
To test such hypothesis, it would be necessary, first, to self-pollinate until
fixation, then, hybridise the two morphotypes.
In the course of the selfing operation of brown morphotypes, if brown coat-seeds are obtained, we will
conclude that parent genotypes were homozygous,
otherwise we will consider them as heterozygous. It will be the same for
brownish morphotypes. Hybridisation
might allow the knowing dominance or recessivity
relationship between the two phenotypes.
In opposite, the separation of morphotypes into two distinct sub-sets by the width of leaf
blade from median stem (LALFM) and number of floral buds of the second last
branch (NBR) might be artefact. Unfortunately, no
information is available about structuring of the seedlings variation from
Sesame relatively to the coat colour of its seeds,
Brownish morphotype is preferred than the brown one
by consumers in the world. Flowers are harvested and separate into pink and
white. In Sesame, brownish seeds are preferred in reason of its taste quality (Sadou and Amoukou, 2002).
Concerning variables from stem, treatments T2 from
brownish coat, T3 from brownish coat and T8 from brown coat revealed better
growth of the diameter at collar, diameter of stem, and number of primary
branches. Brownish coat seems to be sensitive to low doses of organic pig fertiliser while the brown one appears to be sensitive to
the high one. Sesame seems to react at the supply of organic fertiliser. Works from Magalhães et al. (2017) reported no significant
differences among doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 tons per hectare on the expression
of the height of stem, diameter at collar, number of branches. In contrast, Ruku (2016) stated that the combination of organic manure
such as poultry or cow dung or vermicompost with
inorganic dung such as NPK at 50% or 75% and mixed combinations of all of used
manures improved the height of stem and number of branches. In the same context
than the one of Ruku, Akande
et al., (2011) observed an increasing
of the stem height and girth with adding of poultry manure between 2.5 and 5 tons
per hectare and combination of poultry and NPK at 50% and 75%.
As for
the variables of leaf, treatments T6, T7 and T8 were discriminated by the width
of leaf blade from median stem (Table 5). Likewise, Treatments T2, T2, T8, T6
and T6 were separated by the length of blade of the basal leaf, width of blade
of the basal leaf, length of petiole of the basal leaf, width of blade of the
apical leaf and the length of leaf petiole from median stem, respectively. Some
authors such as (Makoumba, 2002) prefer measurements
on foliar area. In opposite, IPGRI (2004) as well as Langham (2007) proposed
measurements on the leaves length and width. Our works as well as those from
above cited Langham rested on the leaf measurements. Nonetheless, no
information is available about the treatments effect on the expression of
leaves growth. In the case where Sesame would be used as leaf vegetable, such an
effect should be searched for and reinforced. Out of nine variables, six namely
the width of leaf blade from median stem, length of blade of the basal leaf,
width of blade of the basal leaf, length of petiole of the basal leaf, width of
blade of the apical leaf and length of leaf petiole from median stem revealed
high means in tested treatment relatively to main control (Table 6). In Langham
(2007) sole leaves from fifth and tenth nodes expressed an important growth
compared with leaves from fifteen nodes with variety S25 and S26.
First, treatments T7 and T8, then T2, T3, T4, T7
and T8, last T4, T7 and T8 were discriminated by the number of floral buds of
the second last branch, number of floral buds of the main stem and number of
total fruits. All of tested treatments recorded high means. Organic pig fertiliser seems to influence the fructification and
flowering. It could be rich in potassium. This one acts on fructification,
although in synergy with other nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Magalhães et al.,
(2017), despite of doses used, obtained no significant difference regarding the
number of pods and number of flowers. Ruku (2016)
reported that the combinations of organic poultry-based manure, cowdung-based, vermicompost-based
with the inorganic one composed of NPK at 50% or 75% and mixed combinations of
all of manures used improved the number of pods. Ogbonna
and Umar-Shaaba (2011) observed an improving of the
number of flowers per plant and number of pods per plant relatively to control
with adding of 5 and 10 tons of poultry manures in Sesame. Ogbonna
et al., (2000) recorded similar
results in Colocynthis citrullus L.
Low and high doses act on the flowering and fructification in Sesame.
Consequently, it would be necessary to apply the dose of 15 Kg of organic pig fertiliser to improve qualitatively the flowering and
fructification in Sesame.
CONCLUSION
We supposed that
brownish and brown morphotypes are different and also
development of reproductive and vegetative organs would be influenced by
organic pig fertiliser. Now, we know that brownish
and brown morphotypes could be genetically identical.
Likewise, organic pig fertiliser qualitatively acted
on the development of reproductive and vegetative organs.
Indeed, out of eighteen measured
variables, sole two managed to discriminate the two morphotypes.
Genetic studies will be necessary to understand the phenotypic expression of
alleles controlling the expression of gene coding for coat colour
of Sesame. If such allelism would be confirmed, it
would be necessary to understand the relationship of dominance/recessivity or codominance.
Likewise, taste tests would be necessary to analyse organoleptic
qualities of these two morphotypes. The taste of
seeds might depend on the colour of their coats.
Low and high doses of organic pig fertiliser qualitatively improved the growth of
reproductive and vegetative organs of Sesame. Nevertheless, treatment T8,
corresponding to 15 Kg displayed high means of the measured variables on three
organ types, namely stem, leaf as well as flower and fruit. In spite of the
qualitative effect of organic pig fertiliser, we
recommend the dose of 15 Kg to improve the growth and yielding in Sesame.
Acknowledgements
We
are grateful to Mr Parfait Aimé
COUSSOUD-MAVOUNGOU, Congolese Minister of Scientific Research and Technological
Innovation for his financial assistance.
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