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Greener Journal of Educational Research
Vol. 9(1), pp. 65-72, 2019
ISSN: 2276-7789
Copyright ©2019, the copyright of this article is retained by
the author(s)
DOI Link: http://doi.org/10.15580/GJER.2019.1.052119094
http://gjournals.org/GJER
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Influence of Distribution of Teachers on Job
Performance in Public Secondary Schools, Delta State of Nigeria
Oroye, Okpoudhu Rachael Zino (PhD)
Adeje Secondary School Adeje,
Okpe Local Government Area ,
Delta State , Nigeria
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ARTICLE INFO
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ABSTRACT
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Article
No.:052119094
Type: Research
DOI:
10.15580/GJER.2019.1.052119094
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This study investigated influence of distribution of teachers on job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. The population of the study was 550
administrative staff in the Post Primary Education Board in Delta State,
Nigeria. The population consists of 12 Permanent Secretaries, 21 Directors
of Education, 29 Assistant Directors and 25 Chief Inspectors of Education
and 463 principals. The researcher sampled 184 respondents which comprised
of all the Permanent Secretaries, Directors of Education, Assistant
Directors and Chief Inspectors of Education as well as 97 principals. The
stratified random sampling technique was used to select the principals. The
instrument utilized for collection of data was a questionnaire titled
“Influence of Distribution of Teachers and Job Performance Questionnaire
(IDTJPQ)”. The questionnaire was
validated and dependable at 0.85.The three research questions were answered
with mean rating and standard Deviation while One Way Analysis of Variance
Statistical Technique (ANOVA) was utilised to test
the three null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.
Findings showed that influence of distribution of teachers based on areas of
specialization, location and work load was high as the ratings were
high. Furthermore , that there was no
significant difference between the influence of distribution of teachers’
based on areas of specialization, location work load and job performance in
public secondary schools in Delta State. It was recommended among others
that distribution of teachers should be based on areas of specialization,
location and work load to enhance their job performance in public secondary
schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
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Submitted:
21/05/2019
Accepted: 04/06/2019
Published:
11/06/2019
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*Corresponding
Author
Oroye, Okpoudhu Rachael
Zino
E-mail:
Zinooroye@ gmail.com
Phone:
07014058990
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Keywords:
Influence,
Distribution of Teachers, Teachers’ Job Performance, Public Secondary
Schools.
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INTRODUCTION
The
Federal Government of Nigeria (2014) in section 11 (95) (5) of Nigerian
Education Policy, gave the Post Primary Education Boards the responsibility of
administering schools in each state in
Nigeria which includes distribution of teachers among others. The policy
further stated that for quality to be attained in the schools, it is essential
to have high-quality teachers and principals. The quality of educational system
is measured by how well the system performs the function of achieving the goals
of education of the state. The major jobs of educational
administrators in the Post Primary Education Boards is to guarantee
quality administration in their day to day activities (Osuya,
2008). Certo and Fox (2002) carried out a study on
retaining quality teachers: Looking at teachers’ attrition and retention in
seven Virginia school districts. Findings revealed that, teachers’ distribution
relate with their job performance.
Nkweke and Dollah (2011) noted
that the key to quality secondary education is the availability of well trained
and competent teachers in all the subject areas. Federal Ministry of Education
(2000) used data from the 1997 national study of teachers demand and supply by
the Nigerian Educational Research Development Council to establish the quality
of teachers available in Nigeria secondary schools. Findings revealed that
except in a few cases, all categories of teachers as well as those with
educational qualification below the Ordinary
National Diploma were employed in the Nigerian secondary schools and
where teaching different subjects that was not in their areas of specialization.
Spillane, Halverson, and Diamond (2001) carried out a study on creating a
framework for distributed leadership with the intent of showing how changes in
classroom management practices can change instruction and training in schools.
Findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between teachers’
distribution and job performance. Henry, Bastian and Fortner (2011) in study
found that equitable distribution of teachers influence their job performance. Elfers and Plecki (2016) in their
findings revealed that teachers valued the emphasis on subject distribution
based on areas of specialization and feeling that their contribution was valued
in the schools.
85% of the 47 teachers studied clarified that they believed the distribution of
teachers based on their areas of specialization encourages them in their job
performance.
Petty, Fitchett, and O'Connor (2012) in a study, found that the
teachers were motivated to continue teaching in rural area secondary school
because they cared about their students, had strong administrative support, and
a positive school environment. Louis, Mayrowetz,
Murphy, and Smylie (2013) in their study, found that
schools are successful when they employ teachers and distribute them equitably
base on their areas of specialization in rural and urban areas to enhance their
job performance. The Nigerian Educational Research Development Council (1996)
in their study further found that there was high percentage of incompetent
teachers in urban and rural secondary schools area. These were mostly in the
sciences, technical and vocational subjects in nearly every state in the
country.
Vincent
(2010) stated that the minimum of 18 and maximum of 24 workload periods per
week is recommended by the guiding principle for the implementation of the
secondary education. Teachers’ workload is the entirety of academic teaching
job and committee workload allocated to them in the schools. Richards, Choudhoury, Sofroniou Owen, D
(2017) in their study found that over three quarters of teachers are displeased
with the hours they regularly work. Okotoni and Okotoni (2003) in their study found that in many secondary
schools, there is incessant interruption of educational programmes,
unexpected teachers transfer, unfriendliness, doubt and departure from lively
participation in decision making in school activities by teachers.
Statement of the problem
Over the years, one
challenge that continued to stare the Delta state Post Primary Education Board Asabain the face is over staffing in urban public secondary
schools with its attendant acute manpower scarcity in the corresponding rural
and riverine schools. Despite effort of Delta state government to improve the
fair sharing of well trained and experienced teachers to all public secondary
school, there remains an imbalance.
Most public secondary schools in the rural area secondary schools do not
have enough teachers, much more professionally qualified and committee ones.
Teachers in rural area are made to teach subjects without adequate knowledge of
them and most of the time too much work load. Though a number of problems
accountable for this dichotomy’ are beyond doubt and serious. This is evidence by indices such as
students' poor performance in examinations, high rate of examination
malpractices, inadequate infrastructure and equipment and high dropout rate
among others.
Research
Questions
The subsequent research questions were raised to direct
the study:
1. What
is the influence of distribution of teachers based on areas of specialization
and job performance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria?
2. What is the influence of distribution
of teachers’ based on location and job performance in public secondary
schools in Delta State, Nigeria?
3 What is
the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on work load and job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria?
Hypotheses
The
following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study:
1. There
is no significant difference on the influence of distribution of teachers based
on areas of specialization and job performance in public secondary schools in
Delta State, Nigeria.
2. There
is no significant difference on the influence of distribution of teachers’
based on location and job performance in public secondary schools in Delta
State, Nigeria..
3 There
is no significant difference on the influence of distribution of teachers’
based on work load and job performance in public secondary schools in
Delta State, Nigeria.
Purpose of the Study
This
study investigated influence of distribution of teachers on job performance in
public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. Specifically the study will investigate:
1. The
influence of distribution of teachers based on areas of specialization and job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria ..
2. The
influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in
public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
3 The
influence of distribution of teachers’ based on work load and job performance
in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
METHODOLOGY
The study employed ex-post facto design. An ex-post
facto type of research is the most suitable systematic empirical inquiry where
the investigator does not have direct control of independent variables because
their manifestation have already occurred or because they are inherent and
cannot be manipulated. The population of the study was 550 administrative staff
in the Post Primary Education Board Asaba Delta State of Nigeria .The population was 12 Permanent
Secretaries, 21 Directors of Education, 29 Assistant Directors and 25 Chief
Inspectors of Education and 463 principals. The researcher sampled 184
respondents which were made up of all the Permanent Secretaries, Directors of
Education, Assistant Directors and Chief Inspectors of Education because of
their fewness. The researcher sampled 97 principals (20%) The stratified random
sampling method was used to select the principals used in the study. The
instrument utilised for collection of data was a
questionnaire titled “Influence of
Distribution of Teachers and Job Performance Questionnaire (IDTJPQ). The
questionnaire was validated and dependable at 0.85.Out of a total of 184 copies
of the instrument administrated, a total of one hundred and seventy three (173)
copies representing 83.6 % of the instrument administered were returned. The
four points rating scale of strongly agree (4 points), agree (3 points), disagree (2 point) strongly disagree (1 point). The 4 point
scale has a mean of 2.5 (4 + 3 + 2 + 1 ¸ 4). This gave the 2.50 used as criterion level of
acceptance for the study. Mean score and Standard Deviation were employed
to respond on the three research questions while the three null hypotheses
formulated to direct the investigation were tested for significance difference
with the One Way Analysis of Variance Statistics (ANOVA) at 0.05 confidence
level.
Research
Question 1: What is the influence
of distribution of teachers based on Areas of Specialization and job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State?
Table 1: Influence of Distribution of Teachers Based on Areas of
Specialization and Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Delta State,
Nigeria.
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S/N
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Influence
of distribution of teachers based on Areas of Specialization and Job
Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
|
Male Educational Administrators
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Female Educational Administrators
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N
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 X
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SD
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Decision
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N
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X
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SD
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Decision
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1.
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Teachers in
different Areas of specialization are not evenly spread in secondary schools.
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101
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3.91
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1.07
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+
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72
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3.87
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0.79
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+
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2.
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There are inadequate teachers in most areas
of specialization.
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101
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3.87
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0.91
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+
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72
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3.83
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1.12
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+
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3.
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The enforcement of minimum standard in
teaching had become imperative.
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101
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3.85
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1.05
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+
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72
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3.81
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0.89
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+
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4.
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Standard should be maintained to ensure quality
education in schools.
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101
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3.79
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1.17
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+
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72
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3.78
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1.09
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+
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5.
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Some teachers’ are asked to subjects
different from their areas of specialization.
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101
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3.73
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1.05
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+
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72
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3.73
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0.87
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+
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6
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Some teachers’ were trained in areas that
were not related to education.
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101
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3.69
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0.83
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+
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72
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3.71
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1.01
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+
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7
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Distribution of teachers based on areas of specialization
is not yet effective.
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101
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3.63
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0. 93
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+
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72
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3.69
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1.03
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+
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8
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Distribution of teachers based on areas of specialization
have been politicised
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101
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3.61
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0.95
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+
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72
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3.65
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0.91
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+
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9
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Some teachers’ suffers emotional stress
when they are ask to teach subject outside their areas of specialization
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101
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3.55
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0.77
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+
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72
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3.59
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0.81
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+
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10
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Teaching is the way teachers treat the
subject matter.
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101
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3.47
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1.05
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+
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72
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3.51
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0.73
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+
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Grand Mean
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3.71
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0.28
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3.72
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0.93
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+ = Agreed,
- = Disagreed; Benchmark = 2.50
The data in table 1 shows that the Mean rating from items
1 to 10 on the influence of distribution of teachers based on areas of
specialization and job performance in public secondary schools in Delta State,
Nigeria. The respondents agreed on items 1 to 10 that teachers in different areas of specialization are not evenly spread in
secondary schools, there are inadequate teachers in most areas of
specialization, the enforcement of minimum standard in teaching had
become imperative , standard should be maintained to ensure quality education
in schools, Some teachers’ are ask to subjects different from their areas of
specialization, Some teachers’ were trained in areas that were not related to
education, distribution of teachers based on areas of specilisation
is not yet effective, distribution of teachers based on areas of specilisation have been politicised,
Some teachers’ suffers emotional stress when they are ask to teach subject
outside their areas of specialization and teaching is the way teachers treat the
subject matter.
With the
data in table 1 and the mean rating from items 1 to 10, the followings were
observed. The mean rating for male administrators was 3.71 and standard
deviation of 0.28 while the mean rating for female administrators was 3.72 and
standard deviation of 0.93. Using the standard level of acceptance for the
study as 2.50, the ratings school administrators based on their gender were higher than the
criterion level of acceptance. This implied that the influence of distribution
of teachers based on areas of specialization was high as the ratings were
high.
Research
Question 2: What is the influence
of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in public
secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria?
Table 2: Influence of Distribution of Teachers’ Based
on Locationand Job Performance in public Secondary
Schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
|
S/N
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Influence
of Distribution of Teachers’ Based on Location and Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools
in Delta State, Nigeria
|
Male
Educational Administrators
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Female
Educational Administrators
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N
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X
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SD
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Decision
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N
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X
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SD
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Decision
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1.
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Most teachers’
transferred to rural schools, pays money to be reposted
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101
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3.87
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1.07
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+
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72
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3.91
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0.75
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+
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2.
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Some teachers’’ reject posting to rural
schools.
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101
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3.81
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0.84
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+
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72
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3.87
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0.81
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+
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3.
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Some teachers’ prefers urban schools were
there are social amenities
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101
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3.75
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1. 04
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+
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72
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3.85
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1.13
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+
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4.
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There is need for the government to
revisit distribution of teachers
policy
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101
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3.73
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0.83
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+
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72
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3.81
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1.05
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+
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5
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Government is politicising
their distribution of teachers’ policy
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101
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3.71
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1.17
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+
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72
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3.79
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1.01
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+
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|
6
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Most teachers do not effectively teach when
posted to rural secondary schools
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101
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3. 63
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1. 09
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+
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72
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3. 75
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0.85
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+
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7
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Government is not consistent in their distribution of
teachers policy
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101
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3.57
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1.09
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+
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72
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3.73
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0.79
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+
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|
8
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Some teachers’ in the rural cannot cover the topic in
the curriculum before examinations
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101
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3.51
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0.73
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+
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72
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3.71
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1.07
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+
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9
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Some teachers’ in the rural secondary
schools are dedicated to their job.
|
101
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3.47
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1.15
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+
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72
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3.65
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0.73
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+
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10
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Some teachers’ in the urban secondary
schools are punctual to school.
|
101
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3.41
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0.75
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+
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72
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3.43
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1.03
|
+
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|
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Grand Mean
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|
3.96
|
0.37
|
|
|
3.52
|
0.92
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|
+ = Agreed, - = Disagreed; Benchmark = 2.50
The data in table 2 shows that the mean rating from items
1 to 10on the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in public secondary schools
in Delta State, Nigeria .. The
respondents agreed on all the items that most teachers transferred to rural schools pays money to be reposted , some teachers’
reject posting to rural schools, Some teachers’ prefers urban schools were
there are social amenities, there is need for the government to revisit distribution of teachers policy , government
is politicising their distribution of teachers
policy, most teachers do not effectively teach when posted to rural secondary
schools , government is not consistent in their distribution of teachers
policy, some teachers’ in the rural cannot cover the topic in the curriculum
before examinations , some teachers’ in the rural secondary schools are
dedicated to their job and some teachers’ in the urban secondary schools are
punctual to school.
With the
data in table 2 and the mean rating from items 1 to 10, the followings were
noted. The mean rating for male administrators was 3.96and standard deviation
of 0.37 while the mean rating for female administrators was 3.52 and standard
deviation of 0.9. With the level of acceptance for the study as 2.50, the ratings school
administrators based on their gender were higher than the criterion level of acceptance. This
revealed that the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and
job performance in public secondary schools Delta State of Nigeria was high as
the ratings were high.
Research
Question 3: what is the influence
of distribution of teachers’ based on work load and job performance in public
secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria?
Table 3: Influence of Distribution of Teachers’ Based
on Work load and Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools Delta State
of Nigeria.
|
S/N
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Influence
of Distribution of Teachers’ Based on Work Load and Job Performance in
Public Secondary Schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
|
Male Educational Administrators
|
Female Educational Administrators
|
|
N
|
X
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SD
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Decision
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N
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X
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SD
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Decision
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|
1.
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Teachers workload
based on number of teachers
|
101
|
3.83
|
1.03
|
+
|
72
|
3.95
|
1.13
|
+
|
|
2.
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Teachers’
workload based on number of students in the schools.
|
101
|
3.77
|
0.79
|
+
|
72
|
3.91
|
0.77
|
+
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3.
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The distribution of teachers based on
minimum of 18 work load periods per week as recommended by the national
policy on education.
|
101
|
3.71
|
0.68
|
+
|
72
|
3.88
|
1.03
|
+
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4.
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The distribution of teachers should be on
teacher- student ratio of 1 to 40 .
|
101
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3.68
|
0.91
|
+
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72
|
3.83
|
0.79
|
+
|
|
5
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The distribution of teachers should be on
recruitment of additional teachers to cope with increase in students’
population
|
101
|
3.65
|
1.09
|
+
|
72
|
3.81
|
0.85
|
+
|
|
6
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The distribution of teachers based on high
work load lead to poor quality education.
|
101
|
3. 62
|
0.75
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+
|
72
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3. 77
|
1.15
|
+
|
|
7
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Work load of teachers in the right
proposition is based on adequacy of teachers in all the Areas of Specialization.
|
101
|
3.59
|
1..12
|
+
|
72
|
3.73
|
0.81
|
+
|
|
8
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When the required number of teachers are
not matched with students per class it
will result to poor quality education
|
101
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3..53
|
0.79
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+
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72
|
3.69
|
1.17
|
+
|
|
9
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Most classrooms in urban areas are over 50
students in population resulting to high work load among teachers.
|
101
|
3.47
|
1.01
|
+
|
72
|
3.63
|
0.81
|
+
|
|
10
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There are inadequate teachers in most subject area
resulting to problem of distribution.
|
101
|
3.41
|
0.75
|
+
|
72
|
3.55
|
0.69
|
+
|
|
|
Grand Mean
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|
3.14
|
0.89
|
|
|
3.46
|
0.92
|
|
+ = Agreed, - = Disagreed; Benchmark = 2.50
The data in table 3 revealed that the mean rating from
items 1 to 10 on influence of distribution of teachers’ based on work load was positive The respondents agreed in all
the 10 items that teachers workload
based on number of teachers , teachers’ workload based on number of students in
the schools, the distribution of teachers based on minimum of 18 work
load periods per week as recommended by the national policy on education, the distribution of teachers should be on
teacher- student ratio of 1 to 40, the distribution of teachers should be on
recruitment of additional teachers to cope with increase in students’
population, the distribution of teachers
based on high work load lead to poor quality education, work load of teachers in the right proposition
is based on adequacy of teachers in all the areas of specialization, when the
required number of teachers are not matched with students per class it will result to poor
quality education, most classrooms in
urban areas are over 50 students in
population resulting to high work load among teachers and there are inadequate teachers in most subject
area resulting to problem of distribution.
With the
data in table 3 and the mean rating from items 1 to 10, the followings were
observed. The mean rating for male administrators was 3.14 and standard
deviation of 0.89 while the mean rating for female administrators was 3.46 and
standard deviation of 0.92. With the level of acceptance for the study as 2.50,
the
ratings school administrators based on their gender were higher than the criterion level of acceptance. This
revealed that the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on work load was
high as the ratings were high.
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference on the influence of
distribution of teachers based on areas of specialization and job performance
in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
Table 5: Influence of Distribution of Teachers based on Areas of
Specialization and Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Delta State,
Nigeria.(ANOVA).
|
Source of Variation
|
Sum of Squares
|
Df
|
Mean Square
|
Calculated
F Value
|
Critical
|
Level of Significance
|
Decision
|
|
Between Groups
|
70.058
|
3
|
35,029
|
1.28
2.96
|
0.05
|
Significant Reject
Ho1
|
|
Within Groups
|
737.309
|
170
|
27,308
|
|
Total
|
26548.679
|
173
|
|
Table 5 shows that the F calculated value was 1.28 while
F Critical value was 2.96. Since the F Calculated value was more than the F
Critical value, the null hypothesis which opined that there is no significant
difference on the influence of distribution of teachers based on areas of
specialization and job performance in public secondary schools Delta State of
Nigeria was rejected. Therefore, there was significant difference between on
the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance
in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference between on the
influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in
public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
Table 5: Influence of Distribution of Teachers’ Based on Location
and Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Delta State, Nigeria.(ANOVA).
|
Source of Variation
|
Sum of Squares
|
Df
|
Mean Square
|
Calculated
F Value
|
Critical
|
Level of Significance
|
Decision
|
|
Between Groups
|
|
|
|
|
|
Significant
Rejected Ho2
|
|
Within Groups
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
Table 5 shows that the calculated F value was
3.37 while Critical F value was 2.99. Since the F-Calculated was more than the
F-Critical, the null hypothesis which opined that there is no significant
difference between on the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on
location and job performance in public
secondary schools in Delta State,
Nigeria was rejected. Therefore, there was significant difference between on the
influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in
public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant difference on the influence of
distribution of teachers’ based on work load and job performance in public
secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
Table 6: Influence of Distribution of Teachers Based on Work Load and
Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Delta State, Nigeria.(ANOVA)
|
Source of Variation
|
Sum of Squares
|
Df
|
Mean Square
|
Calculated
F Value
|
Critical
|
Level of Significance
|
Decision
|
|
Between Groups
|
146259.020
|
3
|
3442.739
|
-64.825 2.65
|
0.05
|
Significant Reject
Ho3
|
|
Within Groups
|
6885.478
|
170
|
46.813
|
|
Total
|
|
173
|
|
DISCUSSION
What is the influence of distribution of
teachers based on Areas of Specialization and job performance in public
secondary schools in Delta State? The study revealed that the influence of
distribution of teachers based on Areas of Specialization was high as the
ratings were high.
There is no significant difference on the influence of
distribution of teachers based on Areas of Specialization and job performance
in public secondary schools in Delta State of Nigeria. The study further
revealed that there was significant difference on the influence of distribution
of teachers’ based on location and job performance in public secondary schools
in Delta State, Nigeria. This finding was not in line with the findings of
Henry, Bastian and Fortner (2011) that equitable teachers’ distribution
influences their job performance. Furthermore, this finding was not in
agreement with the finding of Certo and Fox (2002)
that teachers’ equitable distribution relates with levels of job performance.
What is the influence of distribution of
teachers’ based on location and job performance in public secondary
schools in Delta State, Nigeria? The study revealed that the influence of
distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in public
secondary schools, Delta State of Nigeria as the ratings were high.
There is no significant difference between on
the influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. The study
in addition revealed that there was significant difference between on the
influence of distribution of teachers’ based on location and job performance in
public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. This findings do not
corresponds with the finding of Petty, Fitchett, and
O'Connor (2012) that school locations relate with teachers’ job performance.
What is the influence of distribution of
teachers’ based on work load and job performance in public secondary schools in
Delta State, Nigeria. The study revealed that the influence of distribution of
teachers’ based on work load was positive was high as the ratings were high.
There is no significant difference on the influence of
distribution of teachers’ based on work load and job performance in public
secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. The study furthermore revealed
that there was significant difference on the influence of distribution of
teachers’ based on work load and job performance in public secondary
schools in Delta State, Nigeria. This finding was not in agreement with
the finding of, 2011) that there was significant relationship between workload, role and teachers’ job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.
FINDINGS
From the data analysis, the followings findings were arrived at:
1
The influence of distribution of teachers based on areas
of specialization, location and work load was high as the ratings were
high.
2
There was significant difference between influence of
distribution of teachers’ based on areas of specialization ,
location and work load and job performance in public secondary schools in
Delta State .
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings, it was concluded that:
- Distribution of
teachers based on areas of specialization, location and work load influence positively
influence teachers’ job
performance in public secondary schools in Delta State.
1
Areas of specialization, location and work load do not significantly
influence teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in Delta State.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following
recommendations were made:
1
The Ministry of Education and Post Primary Education as a
matter of policy redistribute teachers in public secondary schools Delta State of Nigeria based on subject area to ensure
quality education.
2
The Education Ministry and Post Primary Education as a
matter of policy ensure uniformly redistribute teachers in rural and urban
public secondary school
Delta State of Nigeria to
enhance teacher’s job performance.
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Cite this Article: Oroye, ORZ (2019). Influence of
Distribution of Teachers on Job Performance in Public Secondary Schools,
Delta State of Nigeria. Greener Journal of Educational Research, 9(1): 65-72,
http://doi.org/10.15580/GJER.2019.1.052119094.
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