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Greener Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop
Science
Vol. 8(1), pp. 13-17, 2020
ISSN: 2354-2292
Copyright ©2020, the copyright of this article is
retained by the author(s)
http://gjournals.org/GJPBCS
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Relationship
between Seedling Vigour and Mature Plant Traits in
Some Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Accessions and Their F1 Hybrids
Akombo, R.A.1; Adeyemo, M.O.2; Odiaka, N.I.2;
Aliyu, D.J.3
*1 Department of Crop Production Technology, Akperan Orshi
College of Agriculture Yandev, PMB 181 Gboko, Nigeria.
2 Department of Crop Production University of Agriculture,
Makurdi, PMB 2373 Makurdi, Nigeria.
3 Department of Agricultural Technology, College of
Agriculture, Lafia, Nasarawa
State, Nigeria.
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ARTICLE INFO
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ABSTRACT
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Article
No.: 021819035
Type: Research
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Seven castor accessions were subjected to diallel crossing without reciprocal in 2008. The seven parents and their 21F1 hybrids
were evaluated in Makurdi and Yandev
both in Nigeria in 2009 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
replicated 3 times to obtain data on seedling vigour,
yield and yield related traits in the crop seedling emergence data which
were recorded on the whole plot at two-day intervals and used to compute
emergence percentage (E%), emergence index (EI) and emergence rate index
(ERI). Data on days to flowering,
days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of
panicles per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield per hectare on the middle
row of each plot. Coefficient of linear correlation were computed for each pair
of traits for the seven parents (accessions) and their 1 hybrids separately
and the combination of parents and hybrids. Different patterns of
correlation were observed among traits of castor accessions, the hybrids and
the parents and hybrids combined.
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Accepted: 16/02/2019
Published: 30/12/2020
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*Corresponding
Author
Akombo,
R.A.
E-mail:
akomborich@ yahoo.com
Phone:
08038289185
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Keywords: diallel crossing; emergence
percentage; emergence index; emergence rate index
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INTRODUCTION
The castor bean plant (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oil seed
crop. Locally, it is used mainly for herbal medicine in Nigeria especially in
the Northern part of the Country. However, the crop is universally important
for its industrial products in many sectors of the world’s economy. The oil is
used in medicine and constitutes an important ingredient in cosmetics,
lubricants, paints and disinfectants. Raymond (1961) reported the use of castor
seeds for “Igili-Isi” in Onitsha or “Ogili-Ugba” in Awka, Anambra state for West Africa after boiling and
fermentation.
Many research works
have been done on castor by several researchers such as Hook et al., 1971); Uguru,
(2000) including correlation among mature plant traits in castor. There is death of information regarding the
correlation of seedling vigour with mature plant
traits especially in castor. It was
against that background that this work was conducted to (i) study the
relationship between seedling vigour and mature plant
traits among some castor accessions with a view on whether they can be improved
upon simultaneously.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Seven castor bean plant accessions were
planted in the Teaching and Research Farm of University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria for diallel
crossing in December, 2007 and raised under irrigation until March, 2008 when
the first rain was experienced. The accessions were for the purpose of this
research coded 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The diallel
cross was carried out using brown envelopes to cover the panicles before the
flowers opened. For selfing of parent materials, the
panicles were covered with all the floral parts intact while for plants
earmarked for crossing, the floral buds were removed before the panicles were
covered. The latter were hence designated as females.
Emasculation of the
male flower was achieved with the use of finger and thumb. Pollen grains were
collected from fully opened male flowers. The covered panicles opened each at a
time and the female flower dusted with the pollen grains. During this process,
the interspersed male floral buds were removed and the panicles covered back.
The 7 parents and the
21 F1’s were evaluated in two locations (Makurdi
and Yandev) which are on 7o441N,
9o31E and 7.4oN, 8.7oE
respectively, while elevations for Makurdi and Yandev were 104m and 315m respectively. The evaluation was
laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
Each plot was made up of three rows of 2m length and spaced 1m apart. Hills
within a row were spaced 0.5m apart. Each hill was sown with two seeds and the
seedlings were thinned to one plant per hill at four weeks after emergence.
Data were taken on the three plants in the middle row of each plot except for
the emergence data. Cultural practices as recommended for the production of
castor were followed.
Emergence data were
collected by counting the number of seedlings that emerged at two-day intervals
for 8 weeks after planting on the whole plot. They
were used to compute:
(i)
Emergence percentage (E %)=
(ii)
Emergence Index (EI) =
(iii)
Emergence Rate Index (ERI) 
Data on other traits listed below were
collected on three plants in the middle row. They included:
Days to
Flowers:
This was determined as the mean number of days from planting to flowering of
the panicles on the three competitive plants.
Days to
Maturity:
This was determined as a mean number of days from planting to the first
noticeable sign of the capsules on the primary panicle turning brown.
Plant
Height:
This was determined as the mean height from the soil surface to the node
bearing primary panicle at 20 weeks after planting.
Number of
Branches:
This was determined as the mean number of branches on the three sampled plants
at 20 weeks after planting.
Hundred-Seed
Weight:
This was determined as the mean weight of 100 selected healthy seeds from the
three selected plants using Triple Beam Balance, 700 series.
Seed Yield
per Hectare: The product of the mean seed yield per plant and 10000m2
divided by intra-row spacing and number of plants per hill.
Means of various traits were computed for
parents and hybrids. Pearson product
moment correlation coefficients were also computed to determine the
relationship between seedling vigour and mature plant
traits in parents, hybrids and a combination of the two.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Genotype means of the traits quantified in
some castor accessions and their hybrids for the two locations (Makurdi and Yandev) combined are
presented in Table 1. The data show that
parent means tended to be higher than hybrid means in days to flowering, days
to maturity, 100-seed weight and emergence percentage, whereas hybrid means
tended to be higher than parent means in plant height, number of branches,
number of panicles per plant, seed yield per hectare, EI and ERI. Similar performance in 1,2,3,
etc traits in maize were reported and attributed to heterosis by Ogunbodede et al. (2000).
Coefficients of
correlation are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4 for parents, hybrids and a
combination of parents and hybrids, respectively. The data revealed significant positive
correlation of days to flowering with days to maturity, number of branches with
number of panicles per plant and seed yield per hectare in all the three sets
of materials studied. The associations
among some of these traits are desirable as earliness/lateness to maturity
synonymous with earliness/lateness to flower.
In a like manner, the association of the number of branches per plant
with number of panicles per plant is expected as each branch of castor plant
ends up in the production of a panicle. The consistency of a particular pattern
of correlation and the materials used is an indication of non-confounding
effect and hence any of the materials could be used in studying correlation.
The correlation
between one trait and another is an indication that the two traits could be
improved upon simultaneously. For
instance, the highly significant positive correlation of days to flowering with
days to maturity is beneficial as lowering days to flowering will lead to
earliness to maturity. The negative
significant correlation in days to flowering with seed yield per hectare
confirmed an earlier report by Hooks et
al. (1971) that seed yield and oil content were negatively correlated with
days to flowering.
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TABLE 1: GENOTYPIC MEANS OF SOME TRAITS
QUANTIFIED FROM DIALLEL ANALYSIS IN SEVEN SELECTED CASTOR ACCESSIONS (MAKURDI AND
YANDEV COMBINED)
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Genotype
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DTF
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DTM
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PHT
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NOB
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NPPP
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SY
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Swt100
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E%
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EI
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ERI
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Parents
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1
2
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78.33
70.50
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117.44
112.11
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54.05
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2.58
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6.38
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7637.67
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9.42
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25.17
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13.95
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56.74
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51.67
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2.72
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4.67
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761.20
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10.88
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9.17
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19.15
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224.29
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3
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85.73
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115.83
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41.55
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2.72
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3.98
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404.67
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10.81
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10.83
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16.63
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199.09
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4
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74.67
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111.67
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43.00
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3.10
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5.33
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341.87
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9.67
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19.83
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13.99
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83.20
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5
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71.67
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112.50
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43.50
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1.83
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3.23
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405.53
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9.68
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22.50
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12.37
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54.98
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6
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71.33
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109.67
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48.22
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2.55
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5.55
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660.47
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11.03
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20.67
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16.94
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81.95
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7
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72.33
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112.17
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41.00
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2.95
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6.63
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595.80
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9.72
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18.33
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17.14
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98.91
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Mean
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74.94
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113.06
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46.14
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2.64
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5.11
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557.80
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10.17
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18.07
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15.74
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144.17
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Hybrids
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1x2
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73.83
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113.50
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49.12
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1.73
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3.72
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302.20
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8.75
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19.17
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18.60
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101.51
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1x3
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77.17
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117.50
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56.57
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1.75
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3.67
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524.66
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10.00
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12.33
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20.40
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164.56
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1x4
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67.09
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111.99
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50.84
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2.23
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4.38
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279.46
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9.64
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18.17
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20.77
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122.75
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1x5
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60.17
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109.17
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49.65
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3.07
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6.77
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759.33
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9.85
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12.33
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18.65
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218.15
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1x6
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82.17
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116.11
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53.25
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3.45
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7.40
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914.66
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10.57
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22.83
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18.04
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86.21
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1x7
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68.50
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110.00
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52.05
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2.55
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4.78
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748.66
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9.63
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18.50
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15.39
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110.14
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2x3
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73.00
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114.75
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56.23
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2.52
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4.30
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338.00
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10.32
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17.16
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14.95
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97.82
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2x4
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81.77
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112.61
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42.49
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2.59
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5.18
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935.46
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10.19
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14.33
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11.94
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90.67
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2x5
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78.50
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113.67
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41.35
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3.55
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7.43
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1121.33
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10.52
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20.67
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18.04
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124.47
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2x6
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73.00
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114.50
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46.81
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2.67
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5.13
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775.67
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11.18
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19.50
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18.18
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106.51
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2x7
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68.33
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109.33
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45.35
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3.42
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6.88
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323.00
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10.17
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10.67
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19.30
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603.34
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3x4
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65.83
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105.50
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40.62
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3.45
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5.57
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558.67
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9.65
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15.17
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18.67
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125.35
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3x5
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NA
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107.67
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47.18
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2.73
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5.60
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238.47
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9.50
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18.83
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14.06
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80.15
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3x6
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75.18
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115.17
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45.23
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2.28
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4.00
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709.33
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10.49
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16.33
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17.80
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145.72
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3x7
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76.00
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112.83
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40.73
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3.00
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5.07
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758.87
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10.12
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20.33
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18.53
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96.50
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4x5
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72.25
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111.37
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42.73
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1.45
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3.23
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352.47
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8.74
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18.33
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18.12
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138.65
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4x6
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70.17
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110.63
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52.72
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3.50
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6.07
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897.33
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10.28
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15.00
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17.39
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167.70
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4x7
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63.67
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102.33
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43.27
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2.85
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6.57
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687.80
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9.87
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19.17
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17.52
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94.88
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5x6
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63.00
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102.67
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40.10
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3.15
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6.73
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629.47
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9.38
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15.17
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19.23
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142.68
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5x7
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65.33
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106.50
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50.03
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3.60
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6.90
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661.80
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9.83
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14.33
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16.58
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157.61
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6x7
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62.00
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103.83
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44.30
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3.42
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5.62
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451.53
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10.28
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18.33
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17.33
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95.47
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Mean
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71.25
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110.55
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47.17
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2.79
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5.48
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664.53
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9.95
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16.98
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17.59
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146.23
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F-LSD(0.05)
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16.53
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_
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_
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_
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_
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_
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_
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10.84
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6.11
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280.22
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*, ** = Significant
at 5% and 1% level of probability respectively NA
= Data not available
DTF=Days to
flowering; DTM=Days to
maturity; PHt=Plant
height; NOB=number of branches; NPPP=Number
of panicles per plant; SY=Seed yield; SWt100= 100-seed weight; E%=Emergence
Percentage; EI= Emergence Index; ERI= Emergence Rate Index.
TABLE 2: Correlation Coefficient among E%, EI, ERI, Seed yield and other
agronomic traits in parents of seven castor bean plant accessions (Makurdi and
Yandev Combined, 2009)
|
Trait |
DTF |
DTM |
PHt |
NOB |
NPPP |
SY |
Swt100 |
E% |
EI |
ERI |
|
DTF |
- |
0.834** |
0.354* |
-.529** |
-0.294 |
-.691** |
-0.285 |
0.021 |
0.015 |
-0.047 |
|
DTM |
|
- |
0.388* |
-.642** |
-0.369* |
-0.722* |
-0.2205 |
0.109 |
0.014 |
-0.177 |
|
NNPP |
|
|
0.633** |
-.615** |
-0.350* |
-.625** |
-0.199 |
0.134** |
-0.323* |
-0.467* |
|
NNSP |
|
|
0.142 |
0.060 |
0.077 |
-0.066 |
0.248 |
0.097 |
-0.075 |
-0.191 |
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PHt |
|
|
- |
0.137 |
0.194 |
-0.186 |
0.104 |
0.292 |
-.478** |
-.450** |
|
NOB
NPPP
SY
SWT100
E%
EI
ERI
|
|
|
|
-
|
0.603**
- |
0.607**
0.652**
- |
0.418**
0.306
0.432
- |
-0.199
-0.005
0.104
0.121 |
0.195
0.079
0.167
0.143
-0.016
- |
0.340**
0.071
0.042
-0.145
-.0800**
0.469**
-
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*,** = Significant at 5%
and 1% level of probability respectively;
DTF=Day to flowering; DMT=Days
of maturity; PHt=plant height; NOB=number of branches; NPPP=Number of panicles
per plant; SY=Seed yield; SWt100=100-seedweight; E%=Emergence percentage; EI=Emergency
Index; ERI=Emergency Rate Index.
Table 3: Correlation Coefficients among E%, EI, ERI, Seed Yield and Other
Agronomic Trait in 21 Hybrids of Seven Castor Bean plant Accessions (Makurdi
and Yandev, 2009)
|
Trait |
DTF |
DTM |
PHt |
NOB |
NPPP |
SY |
Swt100 |
E% |
EI |
ERI |
|
DTF |
- |
0.908** |
0.352** |
-.597** |
-.532** |
-.511** |
-0.291** |
0.014 |
-0.222* |
-0.086 |
|
DTM |
|
- |
0.371** |
-.597** |
-.479** |
-.448** |
-0.256** |
0.050 |
-0.196* |
-0.046 |
|
NNPP |
|
|
0.644** |
-.496** |
-.362** |
-.447** |
-0.245** |
0.160 |
-.350** |
-0.159 |
|
NNSP |
|
|
0.301** |
0.214* |
0.159 |
0.029 |
0.110 |
0.086 |
0.040 |
-0.117 |
|
PHt |
|
|
- |
-0.090 |
-0.019 |
-0.277 |
-0.070 |
0.129 |
-0.135 |
-0.086 |
|
NOB |
|
|
|
- |
0.722** |
0.576** |
0.498** |
-.280** |
0.358** |
0.154 |
|
NPPP |
|
|
|
|
- |
0.696** |
0.295** |
-0.150 |
0.200** |
0.125 |
|
SY |
|
|
|
|
|
- |
0.382** |
-0.182* |
0.203** |
0.028 |
|
SWT100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
-0.213* |
0.182 |
0.104 |
|
E% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
-.325** |
-.616** |
|
EI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
0.510** |
|
ERI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
*,** = Significant at 5%
and 1% level of probability respectively;
DTF=Day to flowering;
DMT=Days of maturity; PHt=plant height; NOB=number of branches; NPPP=Number of
panicles per plant; SY=Seed yield; SWt100=100-seedweight; E%=Emergence
percentage; EI=Emergency Index; ERI=Emergency Rate Index.
Table 4: Correlation Coefficients among E%, EI, ERI, Seed Yield and other
Agronomic Traits of Seven Castor Bean Plant Accessions and Their Hybrids
Combined (Makurdi and Yandev, 2009)
|
Trait |
DTF |
DTM |
PHt |
NOB |
NPPP |
SY |
Swt100 |
E% |
EI |
ERI |
|
DTF |
- |
0.886** |
0.345** |
-.577** |
-.472** |
-.540** |
-0.278** |
0.024 |
-0.164* |
-0.087 |
|
DTM |
|
- |
0.369** |
-.603** |
-.452** |
-.493** |
-0.231** |
0.068 |
-0.148 |
-0.062 |
|
NNPP |
|
|
0.640** |
-.520** |
-.357** |
-.471** |
-0.229** |
0.200** |
-.341** |
-0.177* |
|
NNSP |
|
|
0.254** |
0.175* |
0.136* |
0.007 |
0.160* |
0.091 |
0.013 |
-0.199 |
|
PHt |
|
|
- |
-0.098 |
0.010 |
-.251** |
-0.017 |
0.161* |
-.208** |
-0.110 |
|
NOB |
|
|
|
- |
0.701** |
0.580** |
0.460** |
-.267** |
0.332** |
0.168* |
|
NPPP |
|
|
|
|
- |
0.688** |
0.285** |
-0.127 |
0.179* |
0.122 |
|
SY |
|
|
|
|
|
- |
0.369** |
-0.144 |
0.199** |
0.037 |
|
SWT100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
-0.144 |
0.161* |
0.058 |
|
E% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
-0.277* |
-.619** |
|
EI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
0.490** |
|
ERI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
*,** = Significant at 5%
and 1% level of probability respectively;
DTF=Day to flowering; DMT=Days of
maturity; PHt=plant height; NOB=number of branches; NPPP=Number of panicles per
plant; SY=Seed yield; SWt100=100-seedweight; E%=Emergence percentage;
EI=Emergency Index; ERI=Emergency Rate Index.
There were however,
inconsistent patterns of correlation among certain traits among the different
sets of materials (parents only, hybrids only or a combination of the two) used
in determining the degree of association. For instance, non-significant
positive correlation in parents but significantly positive in hybrids and when
the materials were combined was recorded for a number of branches with
emergence index; number of panicles per plant with 100-seed weight; and seed
yield per hectare with 100-seed weight. This indicated confounding effect and
hence separate materials should be used in studying the degree of association
among such traits. The weight of one
hundred seeds depends on seed size (Uguru,
2000). Hence the positive correlation in
emergence index and emergence rate index with 100-seed weight indicated that
both EI and ERI influence 100-seed weight or seed size. These results agreed
with that reported by Fakorede and Agbana (1983); and Opeke and Fakorede (1986) that there was positive correlation in
emergence index and emergence rate index with 100-seed weight. The result, however, disagreed with the
findings of Adeyemo and Fakorede
(1995) who reported positive significant correlation of E% with grain yield and
negative significant correlation of EI and ERI with yield in maize.
A vis-à-vis
comparison of correlation among traits in parents and hybrids shows that some
seedling vigour traits had no positive association
with mature plant traits in parents (Table 3) but significant association for
same traits in hybrids. This means that
a genetic improvement on seedling vigour traits in
castor would translate to an improvement in mature plant traits.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that seedling vigour had varied degree of correlation with mature plant
traits. Hence a genetic improvement on
seedling vigour through hybridization, would
translate to an improvement in mature plant traits. There had been consistent and inconsistent
patterns of correlation among traits depending on the type of material used.
Hence the need in separating the materials in order to study the correlation
among those traits that had confounding effects.
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Plant. www.unn.edu.ng/home/index.php/View
Retrieved: 02/08/2010.
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Cite this Article: Relationship between Seedling Vigour
and Mature Plant Traits in Some Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Accessions and Their F1
Hybrids. Greener Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 8(1):
13-17.
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