The popularization of common philosophy

Greener Journal of Philosophy and Public Affairs

Vol. 2(1), pp. 139-140, 2021

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The popularization of common philosophy - 70

Zhou Mi

Suqian Economic and Trade Vocational School

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces the field of philosophy, western philosophy and Chinese philosophy of some common sense to popularize common sense, for popularizing the basic knowledge of philosophy, can play a role in the introduction, the basic coverage of the field of philosophy of some basic knowledge.
ARTICLE INFO
*Article No.:* 06082100070	*Accepted:* 01/07/2021 *Published:* 27/08/2021	Corresponding Author Zhou Mi* *E-mail:* 1024317354@ qq.com	*Keywords:* philosophy; popularization; common Sense.

Briefly describe Rousseau's theory on the inequality of human society.

French Enlightenment thinker Rousseau revealed the contradiction between "natural state" and "social state" on the basis of natural law theory. Using abstract analytical methods, he compared social man with natural man and regarded what was left after the elimination of man's sociality as the natural nature of man. Thus, he studied the natural laws that determine human nature and explained the basis of human society and the origin of inequality.

There are two kinds of inequality among human beings, one is natural inequality, that is, physical inequality, and the other is social inequality, that is, spiritual or political inequality. Natural differences between people are insignificant in the natural state, but in the social state, not only social inequality, but even natural inequality, has grown tremendously. Private ownership is the beginning of civilized society, the basis of all social development, and the result of social development is the generation and deepening of social inequality. The development of social inequality is divided into three stages: the establishment of law and private property rights is the first stage; The establishment of official posts is the second stage; The transformation of legitimate power into autocratic power is the third and final stage. The progress of human civilization has been accompanied by deepening inequality and widespread moral degradation. Extreme inequality will eventually be replaced by equality. Rousseau's analysis of the development stage of social inequality is permeated with profound dialectical thought, which is highly appraised by Engels.

Briefly describe the philosophical significance of Kant's "Copernican revolution".

According to Kant, although empiricism and rationalism failed to prove the universal necessity of scientific knowledge, their arguments reached a consensus that the universal necessity of scientific knowledge could not be derived from acquired experience, but only from a priori. He agreed with the principle of empiricism that all knowledge is derived from experience, but he also maintained the rationalism that universal necessity can derive only from what is a priori. The question is, how can we experience objects a priori? It was through this puzzle that Kant launched a "Copernican revolution" in the field of philosophy.

Kant holds that it is not knowledge that must correspond to the object, but that the object must correspond to knowledge, that is to say, to the forms of knowledge of reason, and since these forms of knowledge are inherent in reason before experience, knowledge formed by the processing of these a priori forms of knowledge is congenital, or universal necessity. Therefore, the universal necessity source of scientific knowledge and the rational a priori form of knowledge.

Kant thus proved the universal necessity of scientific knowledge, but at once raised new questions. If the object must conform to the rational a priori form of knowledge, it means that the object actually has two characters: one is the "representation" of the thing to us, the other is the "thing in itself" of the thing. Since the a priori form of knowledge is both the guarantee of the universal necessity of knowledge and the limitation of things, we can only know the "expression" of things to us, but cannot know things in themselves. It also means that there is a side to things that is not limited by our forms of knowledge. What is unlimited is infinite, that is, free, and though it is impossible for us to know freedom, we can think freely without falling into contradiction. Thus agnosticism, while limiting the cognitive capacity of reason, that is, "theoretical reason," opens the way for the practical capacity of reason, that is, practical reason, because practical reason or morality is premised on freedom.

"The Copernican revolution" has two meanings: one is to prove the universal necessity of scientific knowledge by means of transcendentalism; the other is to provide the basis for the possibility of freedom, morality and metaphysics by means of limiting knowledge.