Old positivism
Positive
philosophy was born in the 19th century. Its basic point of view is to oppose
metaphysics and advocate inductivism.
French Comte, aiming
at the natural philosophy of the time, defined the scientific method as the
positive method to replace the speculative metaphysics. John Mill is
empiricist, rejecting what is called necessary and universal knowledge, and
believing that knowledge is only a solid relation of ideas. The inductive
method of modern experiments is used as the method of discovering truth.
This view was later
proved to be one-sided. There are, however, two common features that have had a
great influence on the later development of philosophy. One is that their
activities are connected with the natural sciences; The
other is that they pay close attention to the movement of the mind from
experience to generalization.
New positivism
New
positivism is also called "logical positivism". New positivism
carried out empiricism. The central problem is the empirical demonstration of
knowledge. Logical restoration of experience and opposition to metaphysics are
its two main characteristics. The core of its theory is empirical principle,
confirmation theory and reduction analysis method.
First put some new
positivism can be relegated to "direct perceptual to" distinguish the
initial element (proposition and outline), them as the experience of the
knowledge base, then set a reduction method, especially on the mathematical
logic, all other proposition of the scientific and platform for the initial
proposition and word, So as to find the means of empirical confirmation of all
propositions of science.
Internal Principles
Any
scientific theory, especially modern scientific theory, needs to contain
intrinsic principles and corresponding principles.
Inherent principles
represent the basic entities and processes to which the theory appeals, and
propose hypotheses in order to establish laws corresponding to these basic
entities and processes.
Correspondence
principle
Any
scientific theory, especially modern scientific theory, needs to contain
intrinsic principles and corresponding principles.
Correspondence
principle relates hypothesis to experience.
Scientific Facts
In
contrast to "objective facts", scientific facts are facts in the sense
of epistemology, also known as empirical facts and experimental facts.
A scientific fact is
a singular proposition. Scientific facts can generally be divided into two
categories: one is the description of the results of the interaction between
objects and instruments. The other is the statement and judgment of the results
of observation experiments.
Scientific facts
serve the following purposes:
1.
First, scientific facts are the basis for the
formation of scientific concepts, laws and principles and the establishment of
scientific theories.
2.
Second, scientific facts are the basic means
to confirm or refute scientific hypotheses and theories, and one of the driving
forces for scientific progress.
Scientific laws
According
to the order of logic and practice, the scientific summarization of scientific
facts and the formation of scientific laws are followed by the acquisition and
accumulation of scientific facts in scientific cognition activities.
Scientific
laws are divided into inevitable laws and statistical laws. Theoretical
law and empirical law.
Necessary law
If
a regularity is observed all the time and everywhere
without exception, this is the form of a necessary law.
Statistical law
If
a particular kind of condition F occurs, then another particular kind of
condition G may occur, which is called a statistical law or a probability law.
Muller's Five Methods
The
"Four Methods of Experimental Investigation" discussed by Mill in his
System of Logic is usually called scientific induction. In fact, he talked
about five methods, namely, the method of coincidence, the method of
difference, the method of coincidence and use, the method of residual, and the
method of co-variation, which are called "the five methods of Mill".
The phenomenon of
large numbers
Its
change and development have several different possibilities of random
phenomenon. Which of these might come true is a matter of chance.
The phenomena of
large numbers follow the laws of statistics.
There are two types
of large number phenomena. One is the tendency to represent the characteristics
of the collection as a whole; One is to estimate the
behavior of a single object.
Scientific hypothesis
Scientific
hypothesis is a hypothetical explanation of unknown natural phenomena and their
laws made in advance by people in their own minds through a series of thinking
processes according to the scientific principles and scientific facts they have
mastered. A scientific hypothesis is a possible formulation of a scientific
theory.
Decisive test
A
judgmental experiment is the design of one or a set of observations or
experiments between opposing hypotheses to confirm which one is predictive or
which one is not.
