Hegel's
syllogism system on nature.
Hegel
divided nature into three fields: mechanics, physics and organic science, and
constructed a syllogism system based on rational self-consciousness about
nature.
In
the field of mechanics, according to Hegel, physical systems contain concepts
that do not yet organize them into organic wholes. After the transition to
physics, the concept of internal physical objects organized together, but this
system always tended to collapse due to external shocks. It is only in the
organic sphere that organic life, which sustains itself, organizes itself, and
reproduces itself, subjugates the elements within and around itself, reduces
them to means, and in life reason finds itself.
Comte's
view on "Replacing Metaphysics with Positive Science".
Comte
divided the development of human cognition into three stages: theological stage,
metaphysical stage and positive science stage. The theological stage is the
childhood stage of human civilization, when people look at things from the
viewpoint of homomorphism, from fetishism to monotheism through polytheism. The
metaphysical stage is the juvenile stage of human beings, in which the
personality of God is replaced by abstract forces or entities. Comte advocated
the substitution of positive science for metaphysics. Comte believed that the
attempt to discover the inner nature of things was futile and should be
replaced by an effort to find a consistent relationship between existence and
phenomenon.
Comte
argues that although positive science does not claim to be able to answer the
"why" as metaphysics does, it is better suited to practical purposes
than metaphysics.
Two basic
characteristics of new positivism.
Logical
return to experience and opposition to metaphysics are two important features
of new positivism.
(1)
New positivism carries out empiricism. New positivist were first put some can
be relegated to "direct perceptual to" distinguish the initial
element (proposition and outline), them as the experience of the knowledge
base, then set a reduction method, all the other proposition of the scientific
and platform as the initial proposition, and the term is to find all the
propositions to science as a means of empirical verification. In short, all
meaningful statements of experience can be classified as neutral direct
observation statements. The most important philosophical use of observation
statement is that it can be used to prove the truth or falsity of empirical
statements and thus to discuss the structure of knowledge base.
(2)
Shrik believes that metaphysics use the meaning of
scientific language symbols in a way that violates the rules. They are
meaningless and cannot be proved by experience.
Basic
characteristics of the scientific method.
The
basic features of the scientific method are as follows:
(1)
Concreteness - The object of science is the concrete, special motion of matter.
(2)
Experiential - Science takes experience as its starting point and end-result,
starting from and ending in experience, and strives not to go beyond it.
(3)
Accuracy - Scientific conclusions are specific and clear, and can generally be
expressed by formulas, data and graphs, and their errors are limited within a
certain range.
(4)
Testability - The final results of science are individually determined,
concrete propositions that can be repeatedly tested experimentally under
controlled conditions.
Francis
Bacon's contribution to the methodology of science.
Francis
Bacon, contrary to Aristotle's orthodox position in the field of scientific
methodology, turned the direction of stylization to the procedure of scientific
discovery, which led to the in-depth study of inductive logic. He tried to
extract the intrinsic and essential relations between things by referring to
existence table, lack table and degree table. The study of inductive logic
pioneered by Bacon and completed by the English logician John Mill. Mill
developed an inductive system called Mill's Five Methods, on which scientific
theories relied to be discovered and proved.
The
relationship between the development of computer technology and thinking
stylization.
The
electronic computer is the materialized result brought by the development of
modern logic, which provides the possibility of thinking stylization.
Human intelligence activities are
divided into four categories: stimulus-response activities; Mathematical
thinking; The field of complex-formal systems; The
domain of nonformal behavior. The first two are well
suited to digital computer simulation.
On
the whole, the success of computer use at present only extends human
intelligence rather than replaces it.
Two basic
types of large number phenomena.
There
are two basic types of large number phenomena:
One is composed of a large number of
members, and the change and development result of each member is
"irregular" and uncertain, so people can only explore the regularity
of the whole set.
The other is that, under certain
conditions, a certain behavior of a single object has a certain potential
possibility, and people can make a quantitative estimate of the possibility of
this behavior.
These two types of large number
phenomena can be described and processed by probability statistics, and
statistical rules can be obtained.
The
relationship between observation and experiment.
Scientific
experiment and scientific observation are the basic activities of scientific
cognition. Observation is the premise of experiment, and experiment is the
development of observation. However, the experimental method has significant
advantages over the simple observation method, and it overcomes the limitations
of the simple observation method.
(1)
Both observation and experiment require the exertion of human initiative. In
particular, observation will become the more principal method: first, when the
nature of the object makes it difficult for a moment to reach or actually act
upon; Second, subjects tried to avoid interference.
(2)
Observations are generally required during experiments. Most observations fall
under the category of experiments. Most of the questionable measurements in
scientific research are the result of experimental observations, since
observations often interfere with the actual course of the subject, or even
artificially alter the subject.
The role
of scientific instruments.
The
first function of scientific instruments is that they can help people overcome
the limitations of the senses, greatly enhance their cognitive ability in
breadth and depth, and enable people to reach new fields of vision.
The role of scientific instruments
also lies in their ability to help people improve the quality of understanding,
so that the perceptual materials obtained are more objective and accurate.
Scientific instruments to a certain extent can eliminate the sensory illusion and
the interference of subjective factors, so that people's observation is not
limited to qualitative results, and will get more precise, more accurate
quantitative knowledge. Major scientific breakthroughs often result from
improved scientific instruments and experimental techniques that increase the
accuracy of measurements.
