The
relationship between intuition and inspiration.
In
scientific discoveries, the main form of subconscious activity is intuition,
and the particular experience that occurs at the climax of the creative process
is inspiration. Intuition, a way of thinking, often goes hand in hand with the
emotional experience of inspiration.
A
similarity or connection:
1.
Both are subconscious activities.
Intuition
is a logical leap. Inspiration is a mental leap.
The
difference between both:
1.
Intuition is still a kind of thinking cognition,
inspiration is mainly a kind of psychological experience.
2.
Intuition often grasps the most important link or the overall conclusion. Inspiration
is characterized by accident, suddenness and uncertainty.
3.
Intuition tends to focus on guessing, and inspiration is often a symptom of problem
solving.
The
relationship between intuitive thinking and logical thinking.
Intuitive
thinking differs from logical thinking in its direct grasping way of thinking. In
the process of intuitive thinking, we skip many intermediate steps, identify
and guess on the whole, and draw a conclusion at once. Intuitive thinking, it
seems, is a break in logic. Logical thinking is more of a gradual development.
Second,
they complement each other in the creation and development of scientific
theories. Before the creation of intuition, we have to walk on the road of
logic, and the identification and guessing of intuition will appear at the
logical break point. The intuitionistic knowledge also needs to be processed
and sorted out logically before it can be incorporated into a complete
scientific system.
An
analysis of "observation and fact permeate theory" and its influence.
The
latest development of modern science shows that absolute principles and
concepts really do not exist in science.
Hansen
is generally credited with being the first to show that there is no neutral
language of observation, because observation and fact are infused with theory. Generally
speaking, what is gained by experience in observation depends on the previous
background of knowledge. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is a
thorough critique of the choice between neutral observational language and
objective logic.
How to
correctly view the relationship between science and philosophy.
Historical evolution
1.
In ancient times, natural philosophy was both the philosophy and the science of
its time.
2.
After the modern scientific revolution, positive science became independent
from natural philosophy and became the leading role of human knowledge, and
finally formed a discipline different from philosophy.
3.
The emergence of modern science is still the joint result of scientists,
philosophers, positive methods and speculative methods.
4.
The division between science and philosophy is the mainstream of modern times,
and science permeates all the fields of human knowledge.
Currently,
there are roughly three positions on the relationship between science and
philosophy:
One
is that there are still unique problem areas in philosophy that science is
incapable of; Second, philosophy should also be "scientific" and
become "meta-science" or "thinking science"; The third is
to critically examine the premise and foundation of science and make philosophy
take on modern problems and become philosophy in its original sense.
Philosophical
speculation is the direct form in which the world outlook plays the role of
methodology. It is usually manifested as the rational principle in scientific
activities; The focus is that scientists have a
certain frame of mind before they engage in research. Scientific activity needs
to appeal to philosophical speculation rather than pandering.
Analyze the meaning
and meaning of "testability".
Testability means
that empirical facts that can be explained or predicted can be deduced from the
constructed scientific theory system, which is the minimum necessary condition
that scientific theory must meet.
Testability has at
least three meanings. First, testability means that scientific experiment is
the most basic scientific practice, and experimental method is the symbol of
science and the most important scientific method. Second, testability provides
a basic methodological principle for scientific hypotheses, which should be
followed in both hypothesis formulation and hypothesis identification. Thirdly,
testability is the basic condition for scientific discovery to be recognized by
the society, which is represented by the repeatability of experimental results
that must be reproducible.
Describe the basic
characteristics of philosophical method and its influence on science.
Philosophical
cognition method has the following basic characteristics :(1)
abstract or speculative;(2) richness or ambiguity;(3) it is difficult to test.
Speculation is the
key of philosophical method. First of all, it plays a pioneering role in the
development of scientific thought. Secondly, scientific theories often contain
some basic assumptions that cannot be directly explained by experience or
deduced from the theory itself. These basic assumptions are transcendental,
speculative and metaphysical. The transcendental speculative hypothesis in
scientific theory ensures the openness of the system and leaves potential
possibilities for its perfection or new creation.
From the perspective of the
relationship between science and philosophy, on the one hand, new subjects and
topics cannot help but rely on philosophical speculative methods; On the other
hand, the philosophy of science itself is spiraling forward, trying to bring
philosophy back into the fold.
Philosophical speculation is the
direct form in which the world outlook plays the role of methodology. It is
usually manifested as the rational principle in scientific activities; Its function is mainly manifested in that scientists have
already had a certain thinking frame before they engage in research.
Try to describe the
standard of scientific rationality.
The
basic problem of science and method is the rationality of science.
The
purpose of presuppositivism is to presuppose two
premises in defense of science. The first is the rationality of experience as
the ultimate goal and the second is the basic form of logic.
The
standard of scientific rationality comes from the superposition of two
characteristics of presupposition: the final standard of scientific truth, the
significance of scientific proposition, is experience; At
the same time, all the statements in science should be organized in a logical
form or structure.
What is the main role
of scientific facts.
In
contrast to "objective facts", scientific facts are facts in the
sense of epistemology. Scientific facts can generally be divided into two
categories: one is the description of the results of the interaction between
objects and instruments. The other is the statement and judgment of the results
of observation experiments.
Scientific facts
serve the following purposes:
1.
First, scientific facts are the basis for the
formation of scientific concepts, laws and principles and the establishment of
scientific theories.
2.
Second, scientific facts are the basic means
to confirm or refute scientific hypotheses and theories, and one of the driving
forces for scientific progress.
On the problem of
induction, what is its essence?
1.
The inductive principle states that if A large number of A are observed under
various conditions, and all observed A have B properties, then all A have B properties.
2.
The inductive principle cannot be logically proved. We cannot prove induction
by induction. This difficult tradition associated with inductive proof is
called the inductive problem.
3.
"Inductive problem" can show that inductive method is not the only
method of scientific cognition, it has its own scope of action, has its own
limitations. We should emphasize the important role of theoretical thinking in
scientific cognition and insist on the transition from fact to theory.
