The conditions of
scientific hypothesis into scientific theory.
It
is difficult to distinguish between hypothesis and theory. Whether a judgment
system belongs to a hypothesis or a scientific theory depends entirely on the
degree to which it has been proved in practice. A hypothesis is generally
considered to have been transformed into a scientific theory if the following
two conditions are met. First, put the hypothesis into practice. If more and
more facts are consistent with the hypothesis and do not contradict any known
facts, it will be proved that the hypothesis is a correct reflection of the
objective law. Second, if the scientific predictions made by the hypothesis are
confirmed in practice, it is a sign that the hypothesis has been transformed
into a theory.
The role of
hypothesis method in the formation and development of scientific theory.
As
a thinking form of the development of scientific theory, scientific hypothesis
is a hypothetical explanation made in advance in people's mind for the unknown
natural phenomenon and its regularity thinking process.
1.
A scientific hypothesis is a possible scheme of scientific theories.
2.
It is a necessary link on the road of scientific theory to put forward,
demonstrate and form a system of hypotheses.
Hypotheses
are necessary because patterns cannot be seen directly from individual facts.
On the basic
principles of constructing scientific theory.
The
basic principles of constructing scientific theories are logic simplicity,
inherent non-contradiction, completeness and testability
1.
Logical simplicity. It requires that the newly constructed scientific
theoretical system should contain as few independent basic concepts and axioms
as possible.
2.
There is no inherent contradiction and completeness. The scientific theory
system constructed should be self-consistent and compatible. We should also
pursue the completeness within the system, that is, any proposition in the
system can be determined whether it is true or false.
3.
Testability. From the constructed scientific theory system can be deduced to
explain or predict the empirical facts, which is the minimum necessary
conditions that scientific theory must meet.
The main function of
the law of science.
According
to the order of logic and practice, the scientific summarization of scientific
facts and the formation of scientific laws are followed by the acquisition and
accumulation of scientific facts in scientific cognition activities.
1. Necessary law and
statistical law.
Necessary
law and statistical law are two forms of scientific statement, which provide
the operating premise for people to predict the unknown facts and make
scientific understanding possible.
2. Empirical law and
theoretical law.
(1)
Theoretical laws can explain the existing empirical laws and derive new
empirical laws.
(2)
Theoretical laws have prophetic power.
Try to describe the
types of scientific explanation.
Scientific
explanation means revealing the true nature of things.
Causal
explanation. This kind of explanation tries to find the reason that restricts
the occurrence of a certain phenomenon and the existence of a certain rule of
experience.
Probability
interpretation. It tries to explain how phenomena follow statistical laws.
Structure
interpretation. It is to clarify the structure of the system, reveal the
relationship between the components of the system, and use the structure to
explain some properties, behaviors or results of the system.
Functional
explanation. Taking a certain factor of the system as a necessary condition for
the normal function of the whole system, and clarifying the function realized
by this factor can help people to increase the understanding of the whole
system.
Origin
explanation. The explanation lies in revealing how the totality of various
functions transforms one system into another that is later in time and in
examining the fundamental stages of this development.
On the significance
of scientific foresight.
1.
Scientific foresight provides the possibility of understanding the development
process of things and foreseeing the prospect of recent and future development.
It is the ideological basis for human beings to transform the world.
2.
A good theory must expand our understanding by anticipating phenomena that were
not yet present at the time the theory was proposed.
3.
The reliability and correctness of scientific foresight indicate that the
theory explains the nature of the object to the extent possible.
4.
The foreseeing function of science is one of the most distinct and remarkable
manifestations of the dynamic function of scientific theory, and also one of
the most characteristic manifestations of the relative independence of
scientific theory.
5.
The realization of the explanatory and predictive functions of scientific
theory makes it a weapon to change reality and provides the possibility for
human beings to consciously control and transform nature and society.
6.
The highest value of a new theory is its prediction of new rules of experience.
