The Vienna School
New
positivism was born in Vienna, Austria, known as the "Vienna School".
The famous English logician and philosopher Bertrand Russell and Wittgenstein
were the pioneers of this school, and the famous German philosopher Friedrich Schlik was its founder.
The Vienna School
claimed that there was only one philosophy, metaphysics, the logical analysis
of science, and that all other systems of philosophy were metaphysics that
could be excluded from true knowledge.
Logical simplicity
One of the basic principles in constructing
scientific theories. Logic simplicity requires that the newly
constructed scientific theory system should contain as few independent basic
concepts and axioms as possible. The simplicity of the logical structure lies
in the simplicity of the basic principles.
There is no internal
contradiction
One of the basic principles in constructing
scientific theories. The incompatibility within a scientific
theory is self-consistency. If a theoretical system cannot be justified
internally and there are contradictory propositions, then the theoretical
system should at least be revised.
Repeatability
One of the characteristics of scientific
experiments.
The basic requirement
of scientific discovery is that the behavior of the experiment can be repeated
and the results of the experiment can be reproduced.
Repeatability
reflects that the experimental process is an objective material process in
essence and guarantees the objectivity and reality of the experiment.
Hegel's
system of syllogism about nature.
Hegel
divided nature into three fields: mechanics, physics and organic science, and
constructed a syllogism about nature based on rational self-consciousness.
In the field of
mechanics, according to Hegel, physical systems contain concepts that have not
yet been organized into organic wholes. In the transition to physics, internal
concepts hold physical objects together, but this system tends to collapse in
response to external shocks. It is only in the organic realm that the organic
being, which is self-sustaining, self-organizing, and self-reproducing,
conquers the elements within and around itself and
reduces them to means, and in this life reason finds itself.
Comte's
view on "substituting positive science for metaphysics".
Comte
divided the development of human cognition into three stages: theological
stage, metaphysical stage and positive science stage. The stage of theology is
the childhood stage of human civilization. People look at things from the
viewpoint of the homology of god and man, from fetishism to polytheism to
monotheism. The metaphysical stage is the juvenile stage in which the
personality of god is replaced by abstract forces or entities. Comte advocated
the substitution of positive science for metaphysics. Comte believed that the
attempt to discover the inner nature of things is futile, and should be
replaced by an effort to find a consistent relationship between being and
phenomenon.
According to Comte,
although positive science does not presume to answer the question "why"
like metaphysics, it is more suitable for practical purposes than metaphysics.
Two basic
features of new positivism.
Logical
reduction to experience and opposition to metaphysics are two important
characteristics of new positivism.
(1)
New positivism implements empiricism. New positivist were first put some can be
relegated to "direct perceptual to" distinguish the initial element
(proposition and outline), them as the experience of the knowledge base, then
set a reduction method, all the other proposition of the scientific and
platform as the initial proposition, and the term is to find all the
propositions to science as a means of empirical verification. In short, all
meaningful empirical statements can be classified as neutral direct observation
statements. The most important philosophical use of observation statements is
that they can be used to prove the truth or falsehoods of empirical statements
so as to discuss the structure of knowledge base.
(2)
According to Stone Rick, metaphysics uses the meaning of scientific language
symbols in a way that violates the rules. They are meaningless and cannot be
verified by experience.
4. Basic features of
the scientific method.
The
basic features of the scientific method are as follows:
(1)
Specificity. The object of science is the concrete and special motion of
matter.
(2)
Empirical. Science takes experience as its starting point and destination,
begins with it and ends with it, and strives not to go beyond it.
(3)
Accuracy. Scientific conclusions are specific and clear, generally can be
expressed by formula, data, graphics, its error is limited within a certain
range.
(4)
testability. The final results of science are
individually determined, specific propositions that can be repeatedly tested
experimentally under controlled conditions.
