Francis
Bacon's contribution to scientific methodology.
Francis
Bacon, contrary to Aristotle's orthodoxy in the field of scientific
methodology, turned the direction of stylization to the procedure of scientific
discovery, leading to the in-depth study of inductive logic. He tried to
extract the internal and essential connections between things by referring to
the table of existence, the table of absence and the table of degree. The study
of inductive logic pioneered by Bacon was completed by The English logician
John Mill. Mill proposed the inductive cases called "Mill's five methods",
and believed that scientific theories can be discovered and proved by relying
on these inductive cases.
The relationship
between the development of computer technology and thinking stylized.
Electronic
computer is a physical and chemical achievement brought by the development of
modern logic, which provides the possibility of thinking stylized.
Human intelligent
activities fall into four categories: stimulus-response activities;
Mathematical thinking; Complex - formal system domain; The
realm of informal behavior. The first two are well suited to digital computer
simulation.
On the whole, the
success of computers so far has only expanded human intelligence rather than
replaced it.
There are two basic
types of large number phenomenon.
One
is composed of a large number of members, and the changes and development
results of each member are "irregular" and uncertain. People can only
explore the regularity of the whole set.
The other is that
under certain conditions, a certain behavior of a single object has a certain
potential possibility, and people can estimate the number of possibilities of
this behavior.
Both of these two
types of large number phenomena can be described and processed by probability
statistics, and statistical laws can be obtained.
Relationship
between observation and experiment.
Scientific
experiment and scientific observation are the basic activities of scientific
understanding. Observation is the premise of experiment, and experiment is the
development of observation. However, the experimental method has significant
advantages over the simple observation method, which overcomes the limitation
of simple observation.
(1)
Both observation and experiment require people to exert their initiative. In
particular, observation becomes the more essential method: first, when the
nature of the object makes it for a time difficult to attain or actually act
upon it; Second, when subjects try to avoid interference.
(2)
The experiment is generally engaged in observation. Most observations fall
under the category of experiments. Since observations often interfere with the
actual course of an object, or even artificially alter it, most of the disputed
measurements in science are the result of experimental observations.
The role
of scientific instruments.
The role of scientific instruments first lies in that they can help people to
overcome the limitations of their senses, greatly enhance their cognitive
ability in both breadth and depth, and enable people to reach new fields of
vision.
The role of scientific
instruments also lies in their ability to help improve the quality of people's
knowledge and make the acquired perceptual materials more objective and
accurate. Scientific instruments can, to a certain extent, eliminate the
interference of sensory illusion and subjective factors, so that people's
observation is not limited to qualitative results, but will get more refined
and more accurate quantitative knowledge. Improvements in the accuracy of
measurements by improving scientific instruments and experimental techniques
often lead to major scientific breakthroughs.
