Unexpected,
sudden and uncertain.
Intuition
tends to focus on guessing, and inspiration is often a symptom of problem
solving.
The
relationship between intuitive thinking and logical thinking.
First,
the important characteristic that intuition thinking is different from logical
thinking lies in its kind of thinking mode of direct grasp. In the process of
intuitive thinking, many intermediate steps are skipped, and the general
identification and conjecture is carried out to reach a conclusion at once.
Intuitive thinking, it seems, manifests itself as a break in logic. Logical
thinking is more of a gradual development.
Second, they complement
each other in the creation and development of scientific theories. Before the
creation of intuition, we must walk on the logical avenue, and only at the
logical interruption can intuitive recognition and speculation appear.
Intuitionistic knowledge can only be incorporated into a complete scientific
system after logical processing and arrangement.
An
analysis of "observation and fact permeate theory" and its influence.
The
latest development of modern science shows that absolute principles and concepts
do not exist in science.
Hansen is generally
credited with first showing that there is no such thing as a neutral
observational language, because observations and facts permeate theory. Broadly
speaking, what is gained empirically from observation depends on the background
of previous knowledge. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is a
thorough critique of the choice of neutral observational language and objective
logic.
How to
correctly view the relationship between science and philosophy.
I. Historical
evolution
1.
In ancient times, natural philosophy was both the philosophy and science of its
time.
2.
After the modern scientific revolution, positive science became the leading
role of human knowledge independently from natural philosophy, and finally
formed a discipline different from philosophy.
3.
The emergence of modern science is still the result of scientists,
philosophers, empirical methods and speculative methods.
4.
The differentiation of science and philosophy is the mainstream of modern
times, and scientization permeates all human
knowledge fields.
Two, the relationship
between science and philosophy currently roughly three positions:
One
is that there are distinct problem areas in philosophy that science cannot do
anything about; The second is that philosophy should
be "scientized" and become
"meta-science" or "thinking science". The third is to
critically examine the premise and foundation of science, so that philosophy
takes on modern problems and becomes philosophy in its original sense.
Philosophical
speculation is the direct form in which the world outlook plays the role of
methodology. Usually manifested as rational principles in scientific
activities; It is concentrated on the fact that scientists have a certain frame
of mind before they begin their research. Scientific activities need to rely on
philosophical speculation rather than pandering.
Analyze the meaning
and meaning of "testability".
Testable,
that is, the empirical facts that can be explained or predicted can be deduced
from the constructed scientific theory system, which is the minimum necessary
condition that a scientific theory must meet.
Testability has at
least three meanings. First, testability means that scientific experiment is
the most basic scientific practice, and experimental method is the symbol of
science and the most important scientific method. Second, testability provides
a basic methodological principle for scientific hypotheses, which should be
followed by both the formulation and identification of hypotheses. Third,
testability is the basic condition for scientific discovery to be recognized by
the society, which is represented by the reproducibility of experimental
results.
Try to describe the
basic characteristics of philosophical method and its influence on science.
The
basic characteristics of philosophical cognition are as follows
: (1) abstract or speculative; (2) richness or ambiguity; (3) Difficult
to test.
Speculation is the key
of philosophical method. First of all, it plays a pioneering role in the
development of scientific thought. Secondly, scientific theories often contain
some basic assumptions which cannot be directly explained by experience or
deduced from the theory itself. These basic assumptions are transcendental,
speculative and metaphysical. The transcendental speculative hypothesis in
scientific theory guarantees the openness of the system and leaves potential
for its perfection or new creation.
From the perspective
of the relationship between the latest development of science and philosophy,
on the one hand, new subjects and topics have to rely on the speculative method
of philosophy; On the other hand, the philosophy of science itself is spiraling
forward, and science is trying to bring philosophy back in.
Philosophical
speculation is the direct form in which the world outlook plays the role of
methodology. Usually manifested as rational principles in scientific
activities; Its function is concentrated in the scientist
before engaging in research has already had some kind of thinking frame.
Describe the
standards of scientific rationality.
The
basic problem of science and method is the rationality of science.
The doctrine of
presupposition is to presuppose two premises to justify science. The first is
the rationality of experience as the final goal, and the second is the logic as
the basic form of rationality.
The standard of
scientific rationality comes from the superposition of two characteristics of
presupposition: the final standard of scientific truth, the meaning of
scientific proposition, is nothing but experience; at the same time, all the
statements in science should be organized in a logical form or structure.
