What is the main role
of scientific facts.
In
contrast to "objective fact", scientific fact is an epistemological
fact. Scientific facts can generally be divided into two categories: one is the
description of the outcome of the interaction between object and instrument.
The other is the statement and judgment of the results obtained from the
observation experiment.
Scientific fact
serves the following purposes:
First,
scientific facts are the basis for forming scientific concepts, scientific laws
and scientific principles and establishing scientific theories.
Second,
scientific facts are the basic means to confirm or refute scientific hypotheses
and theories, as well as one of the driving forces to promote scientific
progress.
Try to talk about
induction, what is the essence of it?
1.
The induction principle states that if A large number of A's are observed under
various conditions, and all observed A's have properties of B, then all A's
have properties of B.
2.
The induction principle is logically unprovable. We can't prove induction by
induction. The difficult tradition associated with the proof of induction is
called the inductive problem.
3.
"Inductive problem" can show: inductive method is not the only method
of scientific understanding, it has its own scope of action, has its own
limitations. We should emphasize the important role of theoretical thinking in
scientific knowledge activities and insist on the transition from fact to
theory.
Scientific hypothesis
into the condition of scientific theory.
It
is difficult to separate hypothesis from theory, and whether a system of
judgment is a hypothesis or a scientific theory depends entirely on how well it
has been proved in practice. A hypothesis is generally considered to have been
transformed into a scientific theory if it satisfies two conditions. First, put
a hypothesis into practice. If more and more facts agree with the hypothesis
and do not contradict any known facts, then the hypothesis is proved to be a
correct reflection of the objective law. Second, if the scientific predictions
made by a hypothesis are actually confirmed, then it is a sign that the
hypothesis has become a theory.
Hypothesis method in
the formation and development of scientific theory.
As
the thinking form of the development of scientific theory, scientific
hypothesis is the hypothetical explanation made in people's mind in advance for
the thinking process of the unknown natural phenomenon and its regularity.
1.
A scientific hypothesis is a possible solution to a scientific theory.
2.
The proposal, demonstration and system of hypothesis are necessary links on the
way of scientific theory.
3.
Hypotheses are necessary because patterns cannot be seen directly from
individual facts.
Try to construct the
basic principles of scientific theory.
The
basic principles of constructing scientific theory are logic simplicity,
internal non-contradiction, completeness and testability:
1.
Logical simplicity. It requires that the independent basic concepts and axioms
contained in the newly constructed scientific theory system should be as few as
possible.
2.
There is no inherent contradiction and completeness. The scientific theory
system constructed should have self-consistency and compatibility. It also seeks
the completeness of the system, that is, any proposition in the system can be
determined whether it is true or false.
3.
Testability. The empirical facts that can be explained or predicted can be
deduced from the constructed scientific theory system, which is the minimum
necessary condition that scientific theory must satisfy.
The main function of
scientific laws.
According
to the order of logic and practice, in scientific knowledge activities,
scientific facts are acquired and accumulated immediately, and scientific facts
are summarized and scientific laws are formed.
1.
Inevitable law and statistical Law.
Inevitable
law and statistical law are two forms of scientific statement, which provide
the operation premise for people to predict the unknown facts and make
scientific understanding possible.
2.
Empirical law and theoretical law.
(1)
Theoretical laws can explain the established empirical laws and derive new
empirical laws.
(2)
Theoretical laws have prophetic power.
Describe the types of
scientific explanations.
Scientific
explanation means revealing the true nature of things
Causal explanation. This
kind of explanation tries to find the reason that restricts the occurrence of
certain phenomenon and the existence of certain empirical law.
Probabilistic
interpretation. It tries to explain what statistical laws phenomena
follow.
Structural
interpretation. It is to clarify the structure of the system, reveal
the connection between the components of the system, and use the structure to
explain some properties, behaviors or results of the system.
Functional
explanation. Consider a certain factor of the system as a necessary
condition for the normal function of the whole system, and help people to
increase their understanding of the system as a whole by clarifying the
functions realized by this factor.
Origin explanation. This
explanation consists in showing how the sum of the functions causes one system
to change to another later in time, and in examining the basic stages of this
development.
