Try to discuss the
significance of scientific foresight.
1.
Scientific foresight provides the possibility to understand the development
process of things and foresee the recent and future development prospects. It
is the ideological basis for human beings to transform the world.
2.
A good theory necessarily expands our understanding of knowledge by
anticipating phenomena that were not present when the theory was proposed.
3.
The reliability and correctness of scientific foresight mark the nature of the
object explained by the theory to the extent possible.
4.
The foreseeing function of science is one of the clearest and most remarkable
manifestations of the active role of scientific theories, and also one of the
most distinctive manifestations of the relative independence of scientific
theories.
5.
The realization of the explaining and foreseeing functions of scientific theory
makes it a weapon to change reality, and provides the possibility for human
beings to control and transform nature and society consciously.
6.
The highest value of a new theory lies in its prediction of new empirical laws.
Describe the role of
scientific experiments and their relativity.
(1)
The basic functions of scientific experiments are: (1) to provide some factual
material to strengthen or refute a hypothesis. 2. Provide fresh factual
material that forms the empirical basis for a new hypothesis or theory.
(2)
Relativity of scientific experiments 1. No specific experimental results can be
idolized. Every experiment is individual, and extrapolation should be used. 2.
Relativity of the experiment itself. Experimental results are bound to be
limited by technical and knowledge conditions.
How to
correctly interpret constants in measurements.
1.
The constant in measurement is the quantitative reflection of human beings to
the objective world, not the intuitive image of the object. The real world is
not made up of numbers, but of matter of different shapes and sizes.
Quantitative relationships are an alternative way for humans to understand the
interrelationships of topological structures in the real world.
2.
The selection and determination of invariable parameters are the direct
prerequisite for observation and experiment.
Try
to discuss the role of measurement and philosophical significance.
(1)
The role of measurement. Measurement connects theory to practice, empirical
knowledge to mathematical expression.
1.
Measurement provides the necessary conditions for applying mathematical
concepts and techniques to the study of nature.
2.
Measurement refines the scientific structure.
3.
measurement as a description has simplicity, accuracy,
universality and invariance.
(2)
The philosophical significance of measurement.
1,
measurement depends on measurement technology.
2.
Measurement poses a major challenge to epistemology. Measurement cannot be
separated from material means, so there is interference to the measured object.
Especially in the atomic scale, there exists some absolute interference, with
the development of quantum mechanics and uncertainty relationship, become an
important philosophical issue.
On the
characteristics of scientific experiments.
1.
Simplify and purify to the point of strengthening natural processes. In order to study it under artificial conditions.
2.
Implement the principle of modeling in various forms.
3.
It must be repeatable. Repeatability reflects that the experimental process is
an objective material process in essence, which guarantees the objectivity and
reality of the experiment, and is the basic requirement of the experiment.
How is the new rule
of experience derived from the theoretical law.
1.
Theoretical laws use conceptual theoretical words, while empirical laws contain
only observable words. The former cannot directly deduce the latter. For example,
the theoretical term "molecular kinetic energy," which cannot be
observed, is associated with the observable "temperature." This
presents a set of rules that link theoretical words with observable words. This
is called a "correspondence rule."
2.
Use corresponding rules to transform theoretical words into observable words
and derive empirical rules, which are characterized by:
(1)
This interpretation is incomplete and open-ended.
(2) Will not be completed at one time, with
no finality.
Try to discuss a few
basic characteristics of the theoretical law.
1.
Theoretical laws are generally expressed in abstract language, with the help of
some concepts created by scientists to express the laws.
2.
The words of a theoretical law do not refer to something observable; in other
words, it expresses something that cannot be measured by simple, direct means.
3.
Theoretical laws are not direct generalizations and summaries of observed
phenomena. That is, the sources of theoretical law and empirical law are fundamentally
different.
4.
Theoretical laws have the ability of prophecy, which can explain existing
empirical laws and derive new ones.
Try to discuss the
relationship between tradition and innovation in scientific discovery.
Tradition
and innovation are two complementary aspects of scientific discovery.
Conventional research
is a kind of thinking activity that follows tradition and is highly convergent.
This kind of research is always carried out within the scope of scientific
tradition, trying to adjust existing theories or existing observations to make
them more and more consistent.
Scientific
revolutions are relatively rare. Moreover, the sustained phase of intensive
research is the essential preparation for a revolutionary shift.
Only when scientific
research is firmly rooted in the contemporary scientific tradition can it break
the old tradition and make innovations. Existing traditions give meaning to
problems, and their resolution prompts new traditions.
