Greener Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 9(2), pp. 18-26, 2019 ISSN: 2276-7800 Copyright ©2019, the copyright of this article is retained by the
author(s) DOI Link: http://doi.org/10.15580/GJSS.2019.2.071619136 http://gjournals.org/GJSC |
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Women, Social Media and Self – Employed Business: The
Study of Oyo State Civil Service, Southwest, Nigeria
Babcock
University, Department of Political Science and Public Administration
Ilishan Remo, Ogun State,
Nigeria.
ARTICLE INFO |
ABSTRACT |
Article No.: 071619136 Type: Research DOI: 10.15580/GJSS.2019.2.071619136 |
This paper examines work - life balance
challenges women experience when it comes to juggling career with self -
employed business especially in Oyo state, Nigeria. Also, it explored the
role of social media in facilitating work-life balance with the use of
social media. There are substantial literatures on work-life balance.
However, only few studies have investigated juggling official work with
private owned business. Therefore, this paper with the adoption of survey
research design examined the use of social media by female civil servants in
the Ministry of Women Affairs in Oyo state, Southwest, Nigeria (2014-2016)
in promoting their private businesses so as to ensure upkeep of their homes
in particular. The findings reveal that many female civil servants agreed
that the use of social media can promote their private businesses in order
to support their families when salaries are unstable and ensuring that they
are at their official duty post as at when due. Conclusively, with the
present recession in Nigeria, the use of social media can promote
businesses. Thus, female civil servants can thrive and ensure sustainable
growth in the economic aspect of their family, hence, contributing
economically to the society as a whole. |
Submitted: 16/07/2019 Accepted: 20/07/2019 Published: |
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*Corresponding Author Isola
Abiola E-mail: abidemiisola@ gmail.com Phone: 08035804634 |
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Keywords: |
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INTRODUCTION
Career, being a profession and actions taken
by an individual is a lifetime decision. This achievement enhances a woman’s
status in the society and boosts her
self-esteem within her clan. However, the
organisation
she works in determines how she spends her leisure time when it comes to
undertaking a self- employed business in which she has interest. This is mainly because such a business ought not to
interfere with her duties in the organisation
she works with. Hence, a female civil servant may find it difficult to be
involved in a business she will have to leave in the hands of an outsider (a
sales girl or boy as the case may be) especially at this recession period in
Nigeria.
The use of social media can ease the pursuit
of a female civil servant who intends to be involved in a self–employed
business. This is similar to the assertion of Andreas and
Micheal
(2010), that social media, which can also be referred to as ‘Web2, 0’ is an
internet based tool and service that allows interaction between internet users
in order to generate content, distribute and explore for information. For
instance, the advertisement of old and new products can be displayed and
accessed on the social media by internet users. Self-employed business or private business
which will be used interchangeably in the
context of this paper has to do with a government worker who is involved in a
small business, an entrepreneur who
desires to have a secondary source of
income using social media to promote such business.
What is social media? Social media is an
online medium of communication among different groups of people whether friends,
strangers or acquaintances. It can also be seen as a means of participating in
social networking via websites and application with the use of different online
tools like Instagram, blog, Facebook, Twitter,
LinkedIn, YouTube, Inter alia. This paper focuses on social media tools which include
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn that may be
useful for a female civil servant involved
or interested in self-employed business. This could earn her more income, whether the
salary is stable or not and she may decide to contribute her quota to the
economic aspect of her family. Career women in the context of this paper are the
female civil servants working under the Ministry of Women Affairs, Oyo state
Nigeria.
A civil servant is an employee under the body
of either federal, state or local government administration called Civil
Service. Civil service is a body of state administration which excludes judiciary and military branches of
government. They are politically neutral to issues that have to do with partisan
politics. It is a professional body of the state administration with a
feature of permanency. It is an
administrative service of the government agencies either national or
international.
The civil servant or public employee works in
various fields like teaching, management,
administration for federal, state and local government in ensuring the smooth running of the administration under which
they are functioning by designing, formulating and implementing public policy.
They also carry out government functions and development programs
. After twelve months of continuous service, a
worker is entitled to an annual leave of at least six working days that may not
be deferred by more than twelve months (section 18 )’ Ojo, Salau & Falola, (2014). However, This is not the case most times
amongst civil servants in Oyo State. The state dictates when to get to work and
when to leave without a mutual agreement with workers.
Some countries of the world
like Denmark, Sweden Norway and some European countries, according to
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2011 Report, have
been ranked highest based on flex time which include leisure and personal care
time, share of labour force that work for very
long hours like 50 hours a week.
Leisure time for Nigerian
civil servant women is believed to be used for something profitable like
venturing into private business in order to support their homes. However, most
times, the so-called Leisure time in Nigeria has been constricted by official work and assignments. The
need for this research work is to help as many female civil servants who desire
or are already into the private business to be able to attain their dreams in
life.
It is no secret that times are hard everywhere
and the major reason for this paper at this period is consequential on the recession, specifically unstable salary
This paper, therefore, with the use of
exploratory research, examined the following research objectives; i. to examine
how social media can promote the self-employed
business of female civil servants in Oyo state; ii. to find out those militating
factors influencing the use of social media to improve self-employed businesses;
iii. to determine the level of commitment to official work when female civil
servants make use of social media to promote their private business. The tested
hypotheses for this research work were; Hi: there is a significant relationship between self-employed
business and the use of social media by civil servant women for the promotion of private business. Hii: Use of social media determines the promotion of
personal business; Hiii: Use of social
media has an effect on a commitment to official work when combined with
personal business.
This
paper is thus, divided into different parts which include, Introduction,
Balancing Work-Life with the use of social media, Methodology, Research and
Discussions of findings, Conclusion, and
Recommendations.
Balancing Work- Life
with the Use of Social Media
Work-life Balance in the context of this work include the use of leisure time for
private business for women in Nigeria and Africa generally, has not
been given more attention unlike that of the western world
In Africa, women, traditionally, are expected to look after the homestead
by helping on the farm and to procreate.
Working as a woman brings self-esteem. It helps her to contribute her quota to
the standard of living of her family no matter how little she may earn. She is
expected not to fail in her roles, that is, as a wife, mother, and executive in different institutions. (
McLellan & Uys, 2009). Consequently, she contributes her quota by working as a
civil/ public servant, a housewife with a small business or an employer with her
owned business. Being a career women does not mean that all is well especially
in a situation where a woman is working and payment of salary is unstable.
As a result, many things are affected such as
feeding, shelter, transportation, clothing, health etc. Therefore the need for
an alternative source (s) of income to keep up with the family’s standard of
living even when payment of salary is irregular.
Civil Servants in Ibadan are
not exempted from such scenario and there is the need to outsource for fund.
Salaries of 2016 are yet to be fully paid in some states in Nigeria as at the period this paper is being researched
on. This is coupled with recession in the
country, as a result of drop in international price of crude oil, Niger Delta
Militant Blowing up oil installation, high wage bill, low internal generated
revenue, Dollar exchange rate fluctuation
etc.,
According to Katyan Roach, a
Social Media Consultant, recessionary period and financial trying times is an
avenue to give social media networking a trial through Social Media Marketing
(SMM) Strategy because it is the most cost - efficient way of engaging and
communicating in business either physically or visually
What then is Social Media
Marketing? Social Media Marketing is a process which empowers individuals and
organisations in reaching out to customers and potential customers on the
product you want to market to them. It is a virtual network process that can be
done through social media application which does not need someone’s presence
before his/her product can be displayed or advertised to the outside world at a
very low cost (Weinberg, 2009:14; Khan and Jan, 2015) . This fact was further
asserted by Lazer and Kelly (1973) that SMM is ‘concerned with application of
knowledge, concepts, and techniques to enhance social as well as economic ends’
in order to make profitable impact with less time and effort involved.
In order for female civil
servants to reach consumers that are busy as well as those that are not during
their liesure time and when off duty, it is very important to make use of the
following channels made available by social media network which include
LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Youtube to reach their business
partners and customers. This will ensure a balance between work life and private
business life.
METHODOLOGY
This research is exploratory in nature. It
adopted a mixed method which included
quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative aspect includes the use of questionnaires administered
to women civil servants under the ministry of women affairs. While that of
qualitative involves relevant literatures. Sampling technique that was adopted for
this paper was the simple random sampling technique which gives subjects in the
population an equal chance of appearing in the sample size. The respondents for
this study were limited to Ibadan, being the Administrative seat of the whole of
Oyo state. The questionnaire consist of three (3) sections with 100
questionnaires administered to 100 female respondents from Women Ministry Affairs,
Secretariat, and Ibadan Oyo State which were randomly distributed. The
information supplied in the questionnaire was organised, analysed and interpreted out to arrive at an
empirical conclusion using simple percentage while Chi-square was used to test
the stated hypotheses to show whether there is a significant relationship between
self-employed business and the use of social media for enhancement of female
civil servant income.
Frequency
distribution of the parameters was found
while the association or relationship between self-employed business and the use
of social media to enhance female civil servants income such as gender, age, the
type of social network, among others were
determined using Chi-square
test.
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
Findings from the survey on the use of social
media by women in self – employed business in Oyo state civil service, Nigeria,
obtained from the administration of questionnaire in the Ministry of Women
Affairs in the state between the period of March and April 2016 are presented in
this section.
The data was presented in tables using simple
frequencies, percentages and mean.
Female |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Female |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
The above table shows the gender distribution
of the respondents. Out of the total population under consideration, 100
respondents representing 100% represents female folks respectively.
Marital status |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Single |
21 |
21.0 |
21.0 |
21.0 |
Married |
77 |
77.0 |
77.0 |
98.0 |
|
Separated |
2 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The above table shows the marital distribution of the respondents. Out of the
total population under consideration, 21 respondents representing 21% of the
population represent those that fall into
the single category, while another 77 respondents
representing77% represents the married group and 2 respondents represent those in
separate groups respectively.
Age |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
18-39 |
52 |
52.0 |
52.0 |
52.0 |
40-49 |
34 |
34.0 |
34.0 |
86.0 |
|
50-59 |
14 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The table above shows the age distribution of the respondents. Out of the total
population under consideration, 52 respondents representing 52% of the
population fall within 18 -39 age group category while another 34 representing
34% falls within 40-49 age bracket and another 14 respondents representing 14%
were within 50-59 age bracket. The implication from this is that those who fall
under 18-39 age groups and 40-49 age groups are more active in the use of social
media to promote their private business because they are in their youthful age.
Level |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
1-5 |
15 |
15.0 |
15.0 |
15.0 |
6-10 |
58 |
58.0 |
58.0 |
73.0 |
|
12-16 |
27 |
27.0 |
27.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The table above shows the distribution of the respondents based on their level
at work. Of the total population under study,
only 15 respondents representing 15% of the population represents the
respondents that are within grade levels 1 – 5 while another 58 respondents
representing 58% represents those that fall within grade levels 6 – 10. Another
27 respondents representing 27% also, fall within grade level 12 – 16.
Do you think social media can be helpful in promoting your
business as a civil servant? |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Yes |
84 |
84.0 |
84.0 |
84.0 |
No |
16 |
16.0 |
16.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
Out of the total population under study, 84 respondents representing 84% of the
population do believe the use of social
media is helpful in promoting their business as a civil servant while the
remaining 16 respondents representing 16% did not agree. In agreement with the above statement, there is a positive
relationship between the use of social media and enhancement of private
business. Therefore, it should be upheld and accepted.
How do you access your social media network for your personal
business? |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Smartphone |
55 |
55.0 |
55.0 |
55.0 |
Desktop |
2 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
57.0 |
|
Laptop |
7 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
64.0 |
|
IPad |
5 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
69.0 |
|
Others |
20 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
89.0 |
|
None of
the Above |
11 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
From the above table, the respondents were asked how they access their social
media network for promoting their private business. Out of the population under
study 55 respondents representing 55% of the population do gain access to their
social media network for promoting their business through the smartphone while another 2 respondents
representing 2% gain access through the
use of the desktop. Another 7 respondents
representing 7% use IPad while the remaining 20 and 11
respondents representing 20% and 11% use none of the above categories since they are not into any private
business. This table shows that majority of civil servant women in Oyo state are
into one private business or another in order to support their families during
this harsh period in Nigeria.
Highlight the factors hindering you from making use of social
media to advertise as you ought to |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Inadequate finance |
34 |
34.0 |
34.0 |
34.0 |
Power
failure |
28 |
28.0 |
28.0 |
62.0 |
|
No
Leisure time |
11 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
73.0 |
|
Ignorance |
10 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
83.0 |
|
Others |
17 |
17.0 |
17.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The above table shows the factors hindering the respondents from making use of
social media to advertise their business as they ought to. 34 respondents
representing 34% of the population agreed
that inadequate finance is their own hindrance while another 28 respondents
representing 28% put their own hindrance at power failure. Another 11
respondents put the hindrance confronting them as no leisure time while another
10 and 17 respondents representing 10 and 11% respectively put their hindrances
at ignorance and others.
Social media enhances your personal business life. |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Strongly Agree |
45 |
45.0 |
45.0 |
45.0 |
Agree |
40 |
40.0 |
40.0 |
85.0 |
|
Undecided |
10 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
95.0 |
|
Disagree |
4 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
99.0 |
|
Strongly Disagree |
1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The above table shows the respondents view whether social media enhances their
personal business life or not. From
the above statistics, (45+ 40 = 85) respondents representing 85% strongly agree
and agreed that social media enhances their private business life while the
remaining 10 and (4 + 1 = 5) respondents representing 10 and 5% respectively
were undecided, strongly disagree and
disagree respectively that social media do not
enhance
their private business life.
Social media can help balance official work with personal
business life when used to advertise your business during office hour or
after without physical presence |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
Strongly Agree |
33 |
33.0 |
33.0 |
33.0 |
Agree |
41 |
41.0 |
41.0 |
74.0 |
|
Undecided |
15 |
15.0 |
15.0 |
89.0 |
|
Disagree |
7 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
96.0 |
|
Strongly Disagree |
4 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The above table shows the respondents’ opinion on whether social media can help
balance official work with personal business life when used to advertise
business during office hour or after without physical presence or not. Statistics shows that, (33+ 41 = 74)
respondents representing 74% strongly agree and agreed that social media can
help balance official work with personal business life when used to advertise
business during office hours or after without physical presence while the
remaining 15 and (7 + 4 = 11)
respondents representing 15 and 11% respectively were undecided, strongly
disagree and disagree respectively that social media cannot help balance
official work with personal business life when used to advertise business during
office hours or after without physical presence.
Which of these networking
applications did you find useful in advertising your business? |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
Valid |
WhatsApp |
41 |
41.0 |
41.0 |
41.0 |
Facebook |
21 |
21.0 |
21.0 |
62.0 |
|
Twitter |
1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
63.0 |
|
Instagram |
3 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
66.0 |
|
LinkedIn |
1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
67.0 |
|
None of
the above |
33 |
33.0 |
33.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
100 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The table above shows the respondents’ take on which of the networking
applications did the respondents find useful in advertising their businesses. 41
respondents representing 41% use WhatsApp application
while another 21 respondents representing 21% use Facebook. Another 1 and 3
respondents use Twitter and Instagram. While the
remaining 1 and 33 respondents representing 1 and 33% respectively use LinkedIn
and none of the above application to advertise their business.
Chi-square Test
Hypothesis 1
H0: There is no significant relationship between the use of social media and
promotion of self-employed business by civil servants in Oyo state.
H1: There is significant relationship between the use of social media and
promotion of self-employed business by civil servant in Oyo state.
|
Value |
do |
Asp. Sig. (2-sided) |
Pearson
Chi-Square |
40.932a |
1 |
.000 |
Continuity
Correctionb |
38.119 |
1 |
.000 |
Likelihood Ratio |
42.996 |
1 |
.000 |
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
40.522 |
1 |
.000 |
N of
Valid Casesb |
100 |
|
|
b.
Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|
|
From the above analyses α at 0.05, the p-value is ˂ 0.05 (i.e. 0.00 ˂ 0.05) hence there
is a relationship between the variables. There is a significant relationship
between the use of social media and
promotion of self-employed business by a civil servant in Oyo State. Therefore, H1 should be accepted which
stated that there is significant relationship between the use of social media
and promotion of self-employed business by civil servants in Oyo state while H0
which stated that there is no significant relationship between the use of social
media and promotion of self-employed business by civil servants in Oyo state
should be rejected.
Hypothesis 2
H0: Use of social media does not determine the promotion of Personal Business
HI: Use of social media determines the promotion of personal Business.
Chi-Square Tests |
|||
|
Value |
df |
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) |
Pearson
Chi-Square |
28.427a |
4 |
.000 |
Likelihood Ratio |
20.788 |
4 |
.000 |
Linear-by-Linear Association |
16.358 |
1 |
.000 |
N of
Valid Cases |
100 |
|
|
From the above analyses α at 0.05, the p-value is ˂ 0.05 (i.e. 0.00 ˂ 0.05) hence there
is a relationship between the variables. There is a positive relationship
between social media and promotion of personal business.
Therefore, H1 should be accepted which stated that use of social media determine
the promotion of personal business while H0 which stated that use of social
media does not determine the promotion of personal business should be rejected.
Hypothesis 3
H0: Use of social media does not have an effect on a
commitment
to official work when combined with personal business.
H1: Use of social media has an effect on a commitment to official work when combined with
personal business.
Chi-Square Tests |
|||
|
Value |
df |
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) |
Pearson
Chi-Square |
41.605a |
20 |
.003 |
Likelihood Ratio |
38.147 |
20 |
.008 |
Linear-by-Linear Association |
8.310 |
1 |
.004 |
N of
Valid Cases |
100 |
|
|
a. 25
cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
.08. |
From the above analyses α at 0.05, the p-value is ˂ 0.05 (i.e. 0.03 ˂ 0.05) hence there
is a relationship between the variables. There is a positive relationship
between social media and commitment to official work when combined with personal
business. Therefore, H1 should be accepted which stated that use of social media
have a significant effect on a
commitment to official work when combined with personal business while H0
which stated that use of social media does not have an
effect on a commitment to official work when combined with
personal business should be rejected.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Now that there is a medium by
which work life and business life
can be balanced, there is need for discipline on how female civil servants in Oyo state plan their
time and how they spend the money they have in hand in order to ensure that the
dream of balancing work life with business life becomes a reality thereby
enhancing the welfare of their homes by supporting their families and
contributing to the growth of the nation as a whole.
Furthermore, to make this a
reality, female civil servants in Oyo state must ensure that the content
displayed on their social media is present. They should learn to update as soon
as possible because dead adverts can make one lose customers, it is also
important that an expert in the area of social media networking is consulted to
know which design, research, graphic or monitoring inter alia should be used.
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. Therefore, it is important to go
the extra mile to achieve this. Another recommendation
though not a social media but a cheaper medium
for those that might not be able to access the social media platform to make
advertisement is WhatsApp application Displayed Pictures where everyone on your
contact can reach you and see the kind of business you are into via ones Display
Pictures (DP). For instance, advertisement of cakes, beads, shoes, bags, wigs,
pizza among many others. Finally,
the government of Oyo state should work with their workers in ensuring that they
do not stay longer than necessary at work. If there is any need to stay longer
than necessary at work, then it should attract financial benefit. This will
encourage dedication to work.
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