1.
INTRODUCTION
Philosophy is a theoretical system about
world outlook and methodology. The world outlook is about the essence of the
world, the fundamental law of development, the fundamental relationship between
human thinking and existence. Methodology is the function of world view, world
view determines methodology. Symmetry relation is the deepest essence of the
universe, symmetry law is the most fundamental law of society, symmetry
principle is the most basic principle of science, symmetry relation between
subject and object (including thinking and existence) is the most fundamental
relation between human and nature, so strictly speaking, philosophy is the
philosophy of symmetry. The word "philosophy" comes from the ancient
Greek word "love" and "wisdom". It was first used by the
ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras. Later, the word "philosophy"
was widely recognized and used in the world.
2.
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of human thought and
the cognition of the society, all things and the universe.
Chinese philosophy is
divided into ancient philosophy and modern philosophy. Ancient philosophy
mainly refers to the four stages of "the contention of a hundred schools
of thought in the spring and autumn period", "the three mysteries of
Confucianism and Taoism in the han
and tang dynasties", "the development of Confucianism in the song
dynasty" and "the fusion of China and the west in modern times".
Modern philosophy mainly refers to "the study of ancient Chinese
philosophy" and "the study of western philosophy".
3.
Chinese philosophy
Ancient Chinese philosophy has a long history, that is extensive and profound. Its unique
ideological values are at the forefront of the world philosophical system.
In ancient China, Confucianism, Taoism,
legalism and mohism were the main schools of
philosophy, especially Confucianism, Taoism and mohism.
The introduction and development of western philosophy in modern times also had
a great impact. The scholars represented by neo-confucianism
try hard to make Chinese traditional philosophy innovative and develop.
4. Syllogism
The cosmology of the Chinese people is
represented by yi jing and
Lao zhuang, while the ethical social outlook,
complemented by Confucianism and Taoism, is represented by Confucius and mencius.
People in the face of
things need analysis, which is, having a rational and clear thinking mode; this
requires a logical philosophy methodology as guidance. Chinese philosophy is
preferred, and to bring the thinking mode framework in, like an equation into
logical thinking, you solve the "x" to get the result you want.
Example:
Aristotle developed a syllogism, which describes:
1. A general principle (major premise)
2. A specialized statement attached to the
preceding premise (minor premise)
3. Draw conclusions consistent with the
general principles
Analogy of thought process:
1. Bowl on big table (big premise)
2. Red grapes in bowl (minor premise)
Conclusion: the red grapes must be on the big
table
For example:
1. Shandong people are distributed all over
the world (major premise)
Confucius was a native of shandong (minor premise)
5. Conclusion:
Confucius is distributed all over the world
This conclusion is obviously a fallacy. The
man knows the syllogism, but he does not know that the two premises of the
syllogism should be consistent, that the two words "shangdong
people" here are not the same noun, that is to say, the two words "shangdong people" here are two "shangdong people" and not one "shangdong people". If there are fallacies in
speculative philosophy, we will get fallacies, which is what Chinese philosophy
calls "adapting measures to local conditions" and "seeking truth
from facts". Without a correct philosophical methodology, individuals will
get fallacies and the country will fall into chaos.
6.
Story
There is a child prodigy named zou qiqi in the United States who
joined the stage of "TED TALKS" at the age of 13. She impressed all
the participants with her wisdom, humor and philosophical words. Adults should
learn from kids, but there is a problem with this rosy picture of kids being so
much better than adults. Kids grow up and become adults just like you. Or just
like you? Really? The goal is not to turn kids into
your kind of adult, but rather better adults than you have been, which maybe a
little challenging considering your credentials, but the way such progress
happens is because new generations and new eras grow and develop and become
better than the previous ones. It’s the reason we are not in the Dark Ages
anymore. No matter your position of place in life, it’s imperative to create
opportunities for children so that we can grow up and blow you away.
Adults and TEDsters,
you need to listen and learn from kids and trust us and expect more from us.
You must lend an ear today, because we are the leaders of tomorrow, which means
we are going to be taking care of you when you are old and senile. No, “just
kidding”. It was full of the speculative wisdom of ancient Chinese people, so I
was very interested in this girl. After investigating, I found that her IQ at
the age of 10 was at least 99 percent higher than the world's population.
However, my IQ in the hospital test is over 98.9 percent of the world's people.
I used to be competitive and would definitely compete with her, but zhuang zi's philosophy warned
others not to compare with anyone else. Therefore, under the baptism of Chinese
philosophy, I abandoned the idea of fame and wealth.
At the time of the Soviet union's
emergency, 14 foreign countries intervened by force, reactionary forces rose
within the Soviet union, internal troubles and external invasions arose, and
extraordinary measures were taken to "wartime communism", resulting
in a brilliant victory. After the result was stable, it remained unchanged and
remained "wartime communism", which severely dampened the enthusiasm
of the peasants and workers and caused serious consequences. This is the result
of not knowing Chinese philosophy and not knowing how to "adapt" or
"adapt now and then".
There is an old woman. She has two sons. One
sells cloth and the other sells umbrellas. On rainy days she worried about her
son's business; on a sunny day she worried that her son selling umbrellas would
not do well. So she was sad all day, and one day a man said to her; Rainy days
you want to sell umbrella in son’s business, sunny days you want to sell cloth
in son’s business, so the old lady is happy every day. The story tells us that
sometimes a different Angle can make a big difference. Be flexible. This is the
Chinese philosophy of "flexibility", "jump out of the three
boundaries".
7.
Zhuangzi
Zhuang zi and his friend hui shi
are walking on a bridge in haoshui.
Chuang tzu looked
at the minnows in the water and said, "minnows
are enjoying themselves in the water.
Keiko said, "if
you are not a fish, how can you know the happiness of fish?"
Zhuang zi said, "if you are not me, how can you know that I do not know the
happiness of fish?"
Keiko said, "I am not you. You are not a
fish, and you know nothing of its happiness."
Chuang tzu said,
"please go back to our beginning. When you say,
'where do you know the happiness of fish?', you
already know that I know the happiness of fish and ask me. I knew it at the
riverside of the river of hao."
Confucianism, with the origin of "the
way of Confucius and mencius", has a long
history in the history of Chinese cultural development. It has a profound
influence on the general ethics of the Chinese people, the values of Chinese
culture and the concept of priority which has become a collective
unconsciousness of the Chinese nation. Confucian values influenced most public
places in ancient China with Confucian values as the priority standard.
Therefore, it can be said that the value orientation of Confucianism on the
whole represents the basic value priority view of the traditional Chinese
culture.
Confucianism attaches great importance to
self-cultivation and ethics, and its central idea is "benevolence and
righteousness", that is, people should pay attention to harmonious
relations. The interpersonal relationship is based on the five virtues and has
certain norms. Treat elders with respect; Between
friends keep your word; Officials to be honest and love the people; A man has
self-knowledge, to carry out duty, "gentleman, this is the way of
life." Rulers should be benevolent and loving; Love others. Be loyal to
your boss; To treat parents and relatives to be
filial; One should have ambition and perseverance. Value the pursuit of knowledge, be good at absorbing the strengths of others and
others' ideas. About life and work of life, when a child, love parents; When
young with cummer (lover), pour love on the person;
Married with a wife and children (spouse lover and children), love your lover
and children; When you are an official, a civil servant (or, more broadly, a
clerk), you should love your monarch (and your boss).
Confucian political thought is
"benevolence", "kingship" and "etiquette", its
model is "great harmony", "great unity", its political
science mainly describes the relationship between the monarch and the minister,
the relationship between officials and the people. Confucius said, "the
prince and the minister should be polite, and the minister and the prince
should be loyal", mencius said, "the people
should be important, the state should be the second, the king should be the
first", xunzi said, "from the way not from
the king, from the righteousness not from the father, people should be
great", which is the representative proposition of Confucian political
science. On the issue of realistic politics, Confucianism requires both the
ruler and the ruled to assume obligations. Theoretically speaking, the ruled
has the right to resist the ruler who does not normally assume obligations.
"Benevolence is easy" advocates the distinction between "can not" and "do not", that is, the
difference between "not to do" and "can not
do". And his "no property, because there is no perseverance"
also reflects the idea of people. The purpose of Confucian education is to
develop human nature and complete personality as the starting point, until the
ideal of establishing a nation ruled by benevolence and a world of great
harmony is achieved. Therefore, the Confucian ideal is to become a generalist,
or versatile rather than just one talent and one art, or on the basis of one
talent and one art can be comprehensive, that is, the
combination of specialist and generalist. The great harmony of society is the
description of the road of Confucianism, that is to say, the economics of
Confucianism is to serve the ideal society of mankind. The Confucian value
righteousness as profit, take righteousness as the base, guide profit with
righteousness. We respect the use of natural market economic rules, oppose the
violation of market rules, and oppose manipulation of the market, but recognize
"for sale". Confucian values theory, but also put forward gewu zhizhi. Confucianism
attaches great importance to science and technology and its practical use in
material matters. It puts forward the principle of "less effort, more
work" and develops practical learning. However, it also attaches great
importance to the overall development of personality and opposes turning people
into material tools. The Confucian metaphysics was developed in the later neo-confucianism and psychology. Confucianism attaches great
importance to the long tradition of editing.
Taoism advocates the way of getting along
with nature, taking heaven as the way and acting according to heaven, so as to
eliminate disasters and solve disasters. The reason why the problem in human
society cannot be solved is that there are too many intervention behaviors.
Therefore, it advocates that the behavior can be achieved by doing nothing.
Taoism also yearned for a simple society that reverted to nature and nature,
believing that human beings would not play any artificial role in things and
return to the original state of simplicity, ignorance and unconcern, so that
human disputes and troubles could be truly extricated. In general, Lao tzu is inclined to govern the country. In his outlook on
life, Lao tzu advocates "self-restraint and
self-abasement. In politics, we put forward the principle of "doing
nothing but governing", that is, doing nothing
but doing nothing. Taoism extended its outlook on life and society to
cosmology, proposing philosophical concepts such as "tao",
"qi" and "nature". All the theories of Taoism are based on tao. Tao is not only the source of living things, but also
the root of the creation of all things, the nature of all things, as well as
the basis for people to settle down and establish their lives, as well as the
fundamental strategy of governing the country. Taoism emphasizes
"wandering mind" and advocates freedom, while Taoism emphasizes
"modesty" and advocates nature. It advocates the connection of sex,
heart, and affection, 3 distinctions people have. Sex refers to the innate nature
of human beings, which protrudes from the innate factors of human beings. The
mind refers to the inner spirit of human being, which stands out as the
subjective factor of human being. Emotion refers to the subjective emotion of
human beings, which stands out as my emotional feeling; Sex, heart, affection,
and therefore the man. The life that Taoism pursues is a natural, free and free
life. Taoism holds a natural and helpless attitude towards human destiny. Treat
everything with such an attitude, to keep the peace of mind, indifferent and
free. Taoism holds a pure natural attitude towards life and death. Unlike (what
is now called) Taoism, which does not distinguish between "Taoism"
and "Taoism" in traditional China, Taoism does not pursue
immortality. The main idea of the Taoist theory of self-cultivation is to keep
quiet. Lao tzu advocated Zhixu
shoujing, while Zhuang zi concretized Zhixu shoujing into "xinzhai"
and "sitting and forgetting", and then elevated Zhixu
shoujing to the height of ontology, and marked it as
"qi wu".
Taoism philosophy is based on the principle
of the way of heaven, and develops the philosophy of "way" based on
the principle of nature. The movement of the universe as its natural principle in heaven, the philosophy that
is to interpret the original rational connotation, and put forward the
understanding of a running order of the world with no limit, and no clinging.
Taoist philosophy in the development of social philosophy, think that there is
an object of society, in which people are the body of the survival, so it
should have its independent self-existent freedom, not bound by any ideology.
Basically, Taoist philosophy does not deny the social ideal of Confucianism,
but it does not acquiesce in the attitude of social responsibility, but
respects more, the attitude and existence orientation of human autonomy. Taoism
attaches great importance to the freedom and liberation of human nature.
Liberation is on the one hand, the liberation of human knowledge and ability,
on the other hand, the liberation of human mood in life, and to deal with world
affairs with the moral and philosophical life of kung fu.
Daoist social philosophy is not progressive and
positive, for society is only the process of the way of heaven, not the end
itself. Taoist thought of Confucian social ideal is reasonable, but not
absolute, so basically does not need to put forward a set of crucial social
ideal, because of the changes in heaven, the performance of itself, there is no
absolute right and wrong, good and evil, and Taoism emphasize more, is the
wisdom of survival in the society principle, and the wisdom can be in any
society historical situation for effective survival.
Han feizi advocated
"learning from huang Lao", which connected
"reason" and "tao" together, and
believed that "tao" is the law that makes
everything work. Drawing on the Confucian thought of benevolence and
righteousness, and the number of legalist governance, the generation of Taoism
and law co-smelting one furnace, became the early han dynasty of the rule of huang
Lao. The core of Taoism is "tao", which is
regarded as the origin of the universe and the law governing all the movements
in the universe. It is also because the social philosophy of Taoism does not
focus on its own development, but emphasizes the wisdom of coping, which is
conducive to people's needs for self-cultivation and living, so that the
governance of huang Lao in the early han dynasty has an experimental theoretical basis. At the
same time, there is still a stage for Chinese scholar-officials who are
frustrated by Confucian standard officialdom culture.
Taoism is from the old Zhuang
Xuanxu saying, later became the two Jin dynasty
doctor jing shangqing talk,
the southern dynasty emperor wen ordered he yande to
create "metaphysics". In addition, it changed into the art of the
alchemist and immortals. Since then, the Han dynasty, Zhang Daoling
became the beginning of Taoism.
Xiaoyao you is the representative work of the philosopher and
litterateur Zhuang Zhou in the warring states period.
It is listed as the first part of the Taoist classic zhuang
zi inner part, which can be regarded as the
representative of zhuang zi
in ideology and art. Hui zi
said to Zhuang zi,
"the king of wei sent me the seeds of a large
calabash. It holds water, but it is too brittle to lift. When cut up, it is too
big and shallow to hold anything. I didn't think it was too big, but because it
was useless, I smashed it."Zhuang zi said, "you are really bad
at using big things. A man in the state of song was good at making medicines to
prevent his hands from freezing and cracking. A guest heard of it and asked for
a hundred gold pieces for his prescription. The man of the song dynasty called
his whole family together and said, "from generation to generation, my
family has relied on this medicine to bleach silk floss. Now, if I sell this
prescription, it will cost me a hundred dollars. Please promise me to sell it.
The guest bought the prescription and went to persuade the king of wu. When the state of yue was in
trouble, the king of wu appointed him to be his
general. In the winter, he launched a water war with the state of yue. It is also a prescription to prevent the hands from
freezing and cracking. Some people get a reward from it, while others only use
it for rinsing and washing silk floss. This is because the use method is
different. Now you have a big calabash that can hold five stones, why not tie
it to your body as a waist boat and float in the lake? But worry that it is too
big to hold. Your mind is too narrow!" The full text is rich in
imagination, novel in conception, magnificent and grotesque, and overflowing
with romantic spirit.
The essential content of Zhuang
zi's ideal personality is his pursuit of absolute
freedom of individual spirit. Hui zi
said to Zhuang zi, "I
have a big tree. Its trunk was full of warts that did not fit the line, and its
branches were crooked and irregular. The carpenter did not even look at it.
What you are saying is so big and so useless that no one believes it." Zhuang zi said, "have you ever seen a wild cat or a weasel? Crouching there,
waiting to catch small animals that came and went; it catches small animals trying
to escape; as soon as you step into the trap of the trapper, you die in the
net. Look at the yak, it is as big as the sky clouds; It was big enough, but
cannot catch rat. Now
that you have a tree, and fear that it is useless, why not plant it in the land
of nothingness, the vast wilderness, and wander about it at will, and lie down
under it at ease; Then the tree will not be cut down with an axe, and nothing
will hurt it. It is of no use, and where is the trouble?" It is evident
that this ideal of freedom -- no burden of life -- cannot really and completely
exist in the real world, but can only be expressed in an imaginary form in the
world of ideas. The formation of this "care-free" state of mind --
the sublimation of all sensibility, emotional rationality and reason is not a
general process of thinking and cognition, but a special and intuitive
understanding of the "tao" at the root of
all things. The freedom that Zhuang zi recognized and pursued -- "free and
unfettered" -- was a kind of freedom of mood. Zhuang
zi mainly recognized and described freedom from the
perspective of his unburdened state of mind or his free and unfettered feeling.
This feeling can only be expressed in some perceptual and intuitive form; such
a state of mind can only be the spiritual ideal of a lonely life without the
basis of reality. "Freedom" is far away from people in ancient times.
However, Zhuang zi's
absolutely free thought of no waiting, no fatigue and no trouble, after all
shows that he found the plight of life as a concrete form of inevitability, and
proposed a transcendental method, which describes a free state of mind or state
of mind, and leads people to realize self-awakening and self-transcendence.
REFERENCES:
1. Philosophy，baidubaike，https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6/140608?fr=aladdin
2. Chinese philosophy，baidubaike，https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6/2223320?fr=aladdin
