INTRODUCTION
Bitter
kola (Garcinia kola, Heckel) tree belongs to the botanical family of Guttiferae (Plowden,
1992). It is a medium-sized rain forest tree crop, well cultivated through West
Indies, West and Central Africa (Okunji and Iwu, 1991). It is an evergreen tree which can grow up to
30m high but usually up to about 12-15m. The bitter kola fruit is used as food
and herbal medicine and produces reddish, yellowish or orange seeds when ripe,
containing two to four seeds. Each fruit contains about 6-8 smooth elliptically
shaped seeds with brown coat. Bitter kola is popularly called in major Nigerian
languages as ‘Namijingoro’ in Hausa, ‘Orogbo’ in Yoruba and ‘Agbilu’ in
Igbo. The seeds have bitter taste (Aluka, 1985).
Bitter kola (Garcinia spp)
is known to have an elaborate complex mixture of phenolic compounds including
bioflavonoids, xanthones and benzophenones
(Iwu et al., 1990; Akpan
et al., 2008; Braide,
1993). The bioflavonoid possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral
and anti-diabetic properties (Adedeji et al.,
2006; Afolabi et
al., 2006). Adegboye et al., (2008) tested
for the presence of alkaloids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids,
tannins, saponins and reducing sugar in bitter kola.
All the phytochemical compounds tested for were found present except alkaloids.
Other reports on phytochemical compounds isolated from bitter kola include
oleoresin (Adumoradi et al., 2006; Onyade et al.,
1998), tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac
glycosides (Ebana et al., 1991; Akpantah et al.,
2005). Biflavonoids such as kolaflavone and
2-hydroxybi-flavonols (Okunji and Iwu,
1991; Terashima et al., 1999; Okunji et al., 2002). Also bitter kola was
reported to contain in g/100g tannin- 0.342 ± 0.00, oxalate- 0.423 ± 0.00g, phytate- 0.570 ± 0.05, trypsin inhibitor- 0.370 ± 0.12,
phenol- 0.147±0.00, saponin- 2.471 ± 0.00, alkaloids-
0.647 ± 0.20, flavonoids 2.041 ± 0.30 and glycosides 3.421 ± 0.00 (Cross et al., 2007; Adesuyi
et al., 2012). The major active constituents (alkaloids and flavonoids)
of bitter kola were reported to stimulate an increase in gastric acid secretion
(Oluwole and Obtatomi,
1991). Bitter kola was reported to contain 0.58% crude protein, 0.10% crude
fibre, 3% ether extract, 5% crude ash and 72.72% nitrogen free extract (Ibekwe and Orok, 2010 ). Odebunmi et al.,
(2009) reported fresh bitter kola to have 39.52 ± 0.06% dry matter, 4.51 ±
0.56% crude fat, 2.48 + 0.10%, crude protein, 0.79 ± 0.005% ash, 5.23 ± 0.16%
crude fibre and 35.64% total carbohydrates. The following mineral compositions
from bitter kola were also reported in mg/Kg: K -722.10 ± 0.00, Ca- 67.07 ± 0.12, Mg- 114.83 ± 3.47, Fe- 6.10 ± 0.43, Zn-
2.30 ± 0.08, Mn- not detectable, P-188.57 ± 0.37 (Odebunmi et al., 2009). Adesuyi
et al., (2012) also reported the following proximate chemical
composition for bitter kola: moisture content- 7.2 ± 0.08%, crude protein- 1.86
± 0.15%, crude fibre- 1.23 ± 0.15%, ash- 0.47 ± 0.09%, crude fat- 0.19 ± 0.32%,
carbohydrate- 88.30 ± 0.08%. Bitter kola (Garcinia
kola, Heckel) is traditionally used by African
medical herbalists who believe that it has purgative, antiparasitic,
anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and antimicrobial properties for the treatment of
bronchitis, throat infections, colic, head or chest colds, coughs, eye pressure,
diarrhoea, tuberculosis, improve lung function, impotence, knee osteoarthritis,
liver disorders and scientific preliminary study research of the plant in the
1990s showed signs that it may benefit ebola victims
by slowing down multiplication of the virus and also in animal studies, Garcinia kola increases the activities of the
enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase
(www.wikipedia.com/Garcinia kola).
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Location
of Study
The
experiment was carried out at the poultry production section of Teaching and
Research farm of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt.
Rivers State lies between longitude 50 50’E and latitude 40
45’N and has a mean annual temperature of 260C. Total annual
rainfall is about 1700mm – 4700mm (Salawu et al.,
1993).
Source,
Processing Method
The
fresh bitter kola seeds were purchased from a local market (Oil mill) Rumuchorlu in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State- Nigeria.
Bitter kola seeds were sliced, and air dried. The soft brown testa was then removed before grinding into powdered form.
It was incorporated into top feed finisher feed (Fig. 1) with protein content
of 18% and energy content of 2900 Kcal/kg ME.
Experimental
Birds
One
hundred and forty-four (144) unsexed day-old broiler chicks were allocated
randomly to pens. The breed used for this experiment was of Anak
Strain sourced from Zartech Hatchery in Oyo State. The
chicks were brooded on deep litter using 200 watt bulbs and kerosene stoves.
Water and feed were administered ad-libitum during the study.
Routine
vaccinations and medications were strictly adhered to in the course of the
study; standard sanitary management was also adhered to.
Experimental
design and data analysis
Powdered
bitter kola was incorporated into proprietory broiler
finisher mashes at graded levels with 0g bitter kola /kg of feed which served
as control treatment 1, while treatments 2,3, and 4
had 5g/kg, 10g/kg and 15g/kg of feed respectively as diet inclusions. There
were four treatments with three replications, each treatment had thirty six
(36) birds with twelve (12) birds in each replicate distributed into twelve
(12) pens and well tagged according to treatment. The design of the experiment
was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for 28 days (4 weeks).The
data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the
differences between treatment means where they existed were separated using
Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT).
Housing
Technique
The
chicks were randomly allocated into a standard dwarf walled building measuring
30m x 7.5m with wire mesh covering the height between the tops of the wall and
the roof. The roof was of the asbestos type and the building was divided into
48 pens with twelve (12) pens per experimental unit each measuring 3m x 12m to
provide 0.42m2 of floor space per bird. Polythene was utilized in
the covering of the wire gauzed sides of the building to conserve environmental
temperature within the building for the first few weeks. The floor was littered
with wood shavings.
Performance
Parameters Evaluated
At
the onset of the experiment mean initial body weight of the birds were measured
and recorded. Mortality was recorded as it occurred. The parameters evaluated
were weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake was
measured on daily basis and obtained by subtracting the left-over from the feed
given; the sum total was done every week. The birds were weighed in groups to
determine the body weight. Weight gain was obtained by subtracting the initial
weight from the final weight. The feed conversion ratio was measured as total
feed intake over total weight gain
Collection
of Blood Samples
On
termination of the study, twelve birds(12) i.e. 3 birds per treatment were
collected for haematological assay to determine Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cells (RBC), White
Blood Cells (WBC) and WBC differentials such as neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. Blood samples were
collected from the birds via the jugular vein into a set of well labelled
sterilized bottles, containing Ethylene Diamine
Tetra-Acetate (EDTA) as anti-coagulant and taken to Haematological Department
of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital for analyses.
RESULTS
The
data on the effect of bitter kola (Garcinia
kola, Heckel) as a growth promoter on broiler
chickens are presented in Table 4.1. The results obtained showed that
significant differences (P<0.05) existed in all the parameters measured in
relation to final body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio and
no significant differences (P>0.05) existed in feed intake.
Final
Weight
The
mean final body weights for the birds were 2.65kg, 2.80kg, 2.85kg and 3.00kg
respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4
respectively. The highest final weight was recorded in T4 and was
least in T1 which is the control with comparable final weights in T2
and T3.
Body
Weight Gain
The
mean total body weight gain for the birds were 2.57kg, 2.72kg, 2.77 kg and
2.91kg respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4.
The highest mean total body weight gain was recorded in T4 (15g/kg)
and was least in T1 (control), while comparable weight gains were
observed in T2, T3.
Feed
Intake
The
result on mean total feed intake showed no significant (P>0.05) difference
between the control and the treated groups and were observed as 12.00kg,
11.85kg, 12.50kg and 11.55kg respectively for T1, T2, T3
and T4. The highest feed intake was recorded in T3
(10g/kg) while the least was observed in T4 (15g/kg) and T2
(5g/kg) respectively.
Feed
Conversion Ratio
Feed
conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain) was superior in T4
(15g/kg) and the least feed conversion ratio was observed in the T1
(control). Data on feed conversion ratio ranged from 3.97.-
4.67.
Feed
Cost of Production
Data
on the cost of feed showed that T1, T2, T3, T4
recorded N1248.00, N1235.25, N1305.70 and N1209.75
respectively. The data showed that T4 (15g/kg) had the least cost of
production while the highest cost of feed production was recorded in T3 (10g/kg).
This equally reflected in the total feed consumed.
DISCUSSION
The results from this experiment indicated
that broilers had better growth performance potentials in terms of final
weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost of
production when dried bitter kola was added to the proprietary feed as a feed
additive at 15g/kg level over the control for 28 days (4 weeks). Reported
literature has suggested that plant materials enhance the secretion of
endogenous digestive enzymes and activate the immune response and antioxidant
activities (Jamroz et al., 2003; Edacha et al.,
2009) and so presently, commercial additives of plant origin have been proposed
and are being developed as possible replacements for synthetic antibiotics
(Williams and Losa 2001, Kocabagli
et al 2002, Lee et al, 2003; Aregheore et al., 1998). Of these,
significant attention has been placed on herbs, spices and their by-products as
either single compounds or mixtures (Gill, 1999, Alaje
et al., 2014, Aletor
et al., 2002, Cabuk
et. al., 2006) which are having phytobiotics
advantages on growth response and prevents microbial, fungal, bacterial, viral
multiplication and reduces its damage effect on the intestinal wall (Hossain, 2009). Also better feed conversion ratio obtained
from broilers fed dried bitter kola diet could be compared with the work of Adedeji et al., (2006) who obtained highest
(P<0.05) feed efficiency from broiler chicks fed 25g per Kg diet dried
bitter kola over other broilers without bitter kola in their diets. Adedeji et al., (2008) also obtained better
(P<0.05) hen day production and albumen weight from hens fed 10g/Kg diet
dried bitter kola than those on the control treatment and those on treatments
with bitter kola supplementation below and above 10g/Kg diet. Also research
using Citrulluscolocynthis (bitter apple or bitter
cucumber) seed meal which is also a phytogenic on broilers revealed higher
(P<0.05) body weight in birds fed the seed meal than those on the control
diet. Feed conversion ratio was also better (P<0.05) in broilers fed the
seed meal than those on the control diet (Keniufca et al., 1997; Gaytan
et al., 2002; Sayda
et al., 2012).
In
addition the better weight gain obtained from broilers fed dried bitter kola in
this study could be compared with the work of Dada and Ikuerowo
(2009) who reported that fish fed 1g/kg diet ethalonic
extract of bitter kola had best (P<0.05) weight gain than those fed the
control diet and those fed 0.25, 0.5 and 2g/kg diet ethanolic
extract of bitter kola. Osifo et al., (2011)
administered oral suspension of dried bitter kola to rabbits at 1200, 1500 and
1800mg/kg body weight and observed significantly (P<0.05) lower body weights
from rabbits administered 1500 and 1800mg/Kg body weight oral suspension of
dried bitter kola. There were no differences in terms of body weights between
rabbits on the control diet and those administered 1200mg/Kg body weight. This
result is contrary to the result obtained in this study possibly because in
this study the bitter kola seed powder was used rather than the extract, the
amount of the bitter kola administered to the animals coupled with the
variation in the species of the animals also differs. On the other hand,
enhanced growth performance was also reported in poultry (Adedeji
et al., 2006; Oko and Agiang
2009) and rats (Oluyemi et al., 2007) fed
diets containing bitter kola extracts. All the mortalities that occurred in
this study could not be related to any specific cause, as such were assumed to
have occurred by chance. The study reported appeared to justify the addition of
bitter kola in broiler diets.
Haematological
parameters are important indicators of health status in animals and have been
an indispensable tool in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of many
diseases. Blood assay is a sensitive indicator that reveals the birds’ general
health as general changes in the parameters can be seen when no other
abnormality is detected.
Normal
haematological values for domestic fowl are as follows: PCV 25 – 55%, RBC 2- 4
X 1012/l, Hb 7 – 13g/l, WBC 9 –
31 X 109/l (Mitruka, H.M. and Rawnsley, S.K. 1997; Durunna et al., 2009).
The
function of Haemoglobin is in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
A decrease in the level of haemoglobin in the blood is indicative of poor
nutrition including dietary deficiency of copper, iron, amino acids and vitamin
(Frandson, 1981; Onayade et al., 1998; Loycova et al., 2001).
It
has been established that certain haematological factors can be associated with
certain production traits. For example it has been reported that high PCV and
high Hb are associated with high feed conversion
ratio (Jadgish and Pandey,
1994; Mitruka and Rawnsley,
1977) while high percentage of White Blood Cells especially lymphocytes are
associated with the ability of the chicken to perform well under stressful
conditions.
The
findings in this study is in consonance with this and this is probably the
reason for the relatively high performance of the birds placed on the treated
groups in relation to weight gain and feed conversion with low feed intake when
compared with the control group. The PCV values obtained in this study agreed
with the reports of (Hunt et al.,
1980; Mitruka and Rawnsley,
1977; Banerjee, 2008; Owen and Amakiri, 2012). This
could be due to compensatory accelerated production of Packed Cell Volume which
returns PCV levels to normal level (Tambuwal et al,
2002; Owen and Amakiri 2011).
The
WBC plays a major role in defending the body against disease producing
bacteria, viruses and fungi. A deficiency in WBC may result in an increased
susceptibility to infections. The higher values of WBC recorded in the treated
groups is suggestive of a well adapted immune system.
A decrease in white blood cell count in birds placed in the control group is a
reflection of the decline in the production of WBC for defensive action against
infections. It probably explains why the birds in the treated groups consumed
less feed and presented better weight gain and feed conversion when compared to
the control which may have been subjected to various physiological stresses.
However, all the haematological parameters evaluated had values that fall
within the normal range and mean values of chickens as reported by Mitruka and Rawnsley (1997) and
Banerjee (2008).
Consequently,
the effects of any feed ingredient or additive on the blood profile of the
chicken are of immense assistance in deciding whether or not such a feed
ingredient or additive should be used in poultry feed (Owen et al., 2008; Terashima et al., 2002).
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