1Advanced Space Technology
Application Laboratory (ASTAL); National Space
Research and Development Agency, ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Efficient
solid waste management is a vital aspect of maintaining a clean and healthy
urban environment. In the bustling Bodija market
of Ibadan, thirteen existing solid waste disposal skip bins were identified.
This study aimed to optimize the placement of these skip bins by conducting
buffering analysis and adhering to the Ibadan Local Government Town
Planner's Regulations, which require a standard distance of 100 meters
between skip bins. The study considered key factors such as buildings and
roads in the buffer analysis. The accessibility of skip bins to all users,
including vendors, shoppers, and waste management personnel, was given
utmost importance. Adequate space was ensured around each skip bin to
facilitate easy manoeuvring of waste vehicles during emptying operations.
Road access to skip bins was identified as a crucial factor for efficient
waste collection, and the placement local were chosen to be easily
accessible by waste collection vehicles. After performing the buffering
analysis, six skip bins were observed to be clustered within the buffer
zone, whereas seven skip bins conformed to the standard distance
requirement. The optimized placement of skip bins in Bodija
market ensures effective waste management practices, minimizing waste
overflow and facilitating timely collection. The result is a more
sustainable and hygienic market environment, contributing to the overall
well-being and cleanliness of the area. By considering the spatial
arrangement of existing skip bins and analyzing
the spatial relationship between these bins and relevant infrastructure,
this study provides valuable insights for local authorities and waste
management agencies to enhance their solid waste management strategies in Bodija market. The methodology employed here can serve
as a valuable guide for similar waste management endeavors
in other urban settings, fostering more sustainable waste disposal practices
and promoting a healthy living environment for communities at large.
Solid waste management is a critical aspect of urban
development, ensuring the health and well-being of communities. With the rapid
growth of urban centers, challenges in solid waste
disposal have become increasingly prevalent. Bodija
Market, located in Ibadan, Nigeria, is a bustling commercial hub known for its
vibrant trade activities and diverse range of goods and services. However, the
exponential growth and urbanization in the area have posed significant
challenges in managing the solid waste generated within the market. However, a
disposal site must consider all the socio-economic, environmental and land use
factors within the city as well as people safety of the people. Geographical
Information System (GIS) can be used to identify and select the suitable sites
for urban waste disposal.
The
process of solid waste disposal management mainly consists of collection,
processing, recycling and disposing. At present, waste disposal in most cities
is done in simple form of landfill disposal (Akbari et al., 2008). However, finding a good waste disposal area is
difficult since land is a scarce resource. An increasing environmental
awareness, increasing cost, community and political opposition and public
health concerns have made choosing suitable land for landfills quite difficult
(Din et al., 2008). In spite of the
increasing stress towardswaste
reduction at the source, as well as recovery and recycling of the solid waste,
disposal of solid waste by landfilling remains the most commonly employed method.
This is because the residual matter even after the recovery process has to be
disposed of by landfilling. Hence, landfilling is an aspect of the waste
management system that cannot be overlooked (Sener et al., 2006).
In view of this, the selection of suitable
locations for landfill has always been the greatest challenge due to its
multi-objective nature that is very tasking. Hence, this has resulted to
disposal of refuse on unsuitable areas such as borrow pits and vacant plots of
land both inside and outskirts of cities and state capitals such as Ibadan
metropolis in Oyo State, Nigeria. Many methods exist for site selection but
acceptable and suitable landfill site identification is very much challenging
and are lacking in towns and cities in the country. In order to alleviate these
problems, integrating GIS and remote sensing techniques to select the best
possible solid wastes dumping is an essential requirement. The selection of
solid waste disposal sites using GIS and remote sensing requires many factors that
should be integrated into one system for proper analysis. The selection
criteria should consider and combine surface water, soil type, slopes,
settlements, groundwater, protected areas, land use and road networks. However,
because of the absence of data, geology and groundwater data were not included
in the study.
Statement
of the Problem
Studies are numerous on waste problems and management in
Nigeria and elsewhere in developing countries. These studies cover cities of
various sizes and different ecological, climatic, cultural, religious and
economic regions in the country. Some of the studies emphasize solid waste
problems and how they have defied different government policies at various time (Rosenbaum 1984,
Uwadiegwu et al., 2013; Shuaibu, 2015). Other looked at
solid waste as an unofficial measure of prosperity, since wealthy nations
produce more wastes than poor ones (Omuta, 1988). Other studies argued that what causes waste
problem is not volume produced but the degree of effectiveness of solid waste
management. The uncharted volume of wastes that are visible along almost all
the roads and streets of our urban centers, is an indication that the adopted strategies to cope with
the inevitable by products of development are ineffective (Uwadiegwu et al, 2013). Other study centered
mainly on classification of urban solid waste (Ekwueme and Achikanu, 2000), while some studies
examined the environmental impacts and consequences of solid waste generation
and recycling of mixed waste plastic products
Remote sensing can provide information about
the various spatial criteria such as land use/land cover, drainage density,
slope, among others (Emun,
2010), whereas GIS aid utilizing and creating the digital geodatabase
as a spatial clustering process and provides easily way for solid waste dumping
site selection process. In multi criteria evaluation many data layers can be
handled by GIS and remote sensing in order to arrive at the suitable site, hence
this study.
Aim and Objectives
The aim of
his study is to assess solid waste disposal with the view to improve on waste management
at Bodija market, Ibadan North Local Government Area,
Oyo State.
Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are to:
i.identify the existing skip bins and other
points of solid waste disposal at Bodija market
ii.examine the spatial distribution of the
existing solid waste facilities in the study area
iii.determine other suitable areas for additional
skip bins for solid waste collection
Study Area
Bodija Market is located in
the city of Ibadan, which is the capital of Oyo State in southwestern
Nigeria. Ibadan is the third-largest city in Nigeria and is known for its
vibrant culture, historical sites, and bustling markets. It lies between
latitude 7.43510 N and longitude 3.91430 E. Bodija Market is one of the most popular markets in
Nigeria, representing the most popular food and agro product market in South
Western Nigeria.
Figure 1: Map of the study area
The
materials used for processing data included both hardware and software
packages. The hardware packages included: Global Positioning System (GPS),
Computer System, Scanner, Digital Camera and Printer. The software packages
included, ARCGIS Version 10.4, Microsoft word 2016, Nigeria Map and Microsoft
Excel 2016
METHODS AND MATERIAL
Data Type
and Sources
The data
used for this research were both primary and secondary. The primary data
included coordinates of the existing skip bin obtained using GPS and a field
observation obtained using an oral interview. The secondary data included,
Google Earth satellite high resolution image, Ibadan North Local Government shapefile, sourced from Cooperative Information Network
(COPINE) Ile-Ife.
Data
Preparation
The file
containing the spatial data of skip bins, identified acquired using GPS were inputted
in Microsoft Excel and exported to ArcGIS 10.4.
An oral
interview was used to get first-hand information about the solid waste disposal
practices in the study area. The oral interview was focused on the type of
solid waste disposal system existence of other waste disposal system, and
identification of suitable location for siting skip bins respectively. Random
sampling was used to select respondents to the questionnaires. The position and
data obtained were prepared in a table format in Microsoft Excel and exported
to ArcGIS 10.4 software package. The point data of the skip bins was overlaid
on the shapefile of the study area to show their
actual position in the study area.
The
method of the data preparation and analysis were summarized on methodological
flow work flow (Figure 2)
Figure 2: Research Methodological Workflow
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
This chapter shows results, its
interpretations and discussion of findings of the specific objectives of the
study.
Result
Identify the Existing
Skip Bins and Other Points of Solid Waste Disposal
There are
currently thirteen solid waste disposal skip bins in Bodija
Market. These skip bins are containers designed to hold and store different
types of solid waste temporarily before they are collected and properly
disposed of contains a list of coordinates for each of the thirteen skip bins.
Figure 1 is a visual representation that displays the exact positions of the
thirteen identified skip bins within Bodija Market.
The
map serves as a valuable tool for waste management authorities, local
government agencies, and others involved in waste collection and disposal. It
allows them to see the spatial distribution of skip bins, which in turn aids in
effective waste management planning and resource allocation.
Table 1: List of Coordinate T
S/N
LONGITUDE (X)
LATITUDE (Y)
1
3.894
7.401
2
3.408
7.407
3
3.897
7.408
4
3.896
7.4I4
5
3.890
7.414
6
3.894
7.416
7
3.895
7.417
8
3.898
7.418
9
3.899
7.419
10
3.903
7.420
11
3.899
7.420
12
3.409
7.422
13
3.413
7.423
Figure 3: Identification of Existing Skip Bins
Plate 1: Picture of Skip Bin
Examine the
Spatial Distribution of Existing Solid Disposal Facilities in the Study Area
The study assesses the
spatial arrangement and distribution of skip bins within the study area, which
is presumably within the jurisdiction of Ibadan Local Government. The
observation that six skip bins are clustered suggests that there is a localized
concentration of waste disposal points. This clustering could be due to various
factors, such as historical placement, convenience, or inadequate planning.
The
use of a buffer analysis map is a valuable tool to visualize this clustering
phenomenon. It involves drawing a buffer zone (in this case, 100 meters) around
each skip bin on a map. This enables planners and authorities to quickly
identify areas where the skip bins are too closely located to one another.
The
reference to Ibadan Local Government Town Planner's Regulations indicates that
there are guidelines in place to ensure orderly urban development, including
waste management infrastructure. The standard of 100 meters between skip bins
is a specific requirement to avoid waste disposal points becoming overly
concentrated in a small area. This standard helps in efficient waste
collection, minimizes potential congestion, and maintains the aesthetic quality
of the environment.
The
observation that seven skip bins conform to this standard means that they are
appropriately spaced, adhering to the recommended distance. However, it also
implies that the remaining six skip bins are clustered in a way that doesn't
align with the recommended spacing, potentially requiring some repositioning or
redistribution to optimize waste disposal coverage and comply with the
regulations.
In
summary, the statement underscores the importance of adhering to urban planning
regulations for waste management infrastructure. It highlights the observation
of skip bin clustering, the use of buffer analysis for visualization, and the
fact that seven skip bins meet the spacing standard while six do not. This
information serves as a basis for making informed decisions to improve waste
management in the area while maintaining compliance with local regulations.
Figure 4: Spatial Distribution of Existing Skip Bins in the
Study Area
Figure 5: Area Needed to Provided Skip Bins
Other Suitable Areas for Additional Skip Bins
for Solid Waste Collection
Buildings as Factors: Skip bins need to be conveniently accessible to all
users, including vendors, shoppers, and waste management personnel. This
accessibility ensures that waste disposal is convenient and encourages proper
waste disposal practices. To achieve this, skip bins should be placed
strategically near high foot-traffic areas, like entrances/exits of the market
or areas with significant commercial activity.
Moreover,
adequate space around the skip bins is crucial for maneuvering
waste collection vehicles during emptying operations. The space ensures that
waste trucks can easily approach and position themselves for efficient
collection without causing disruptions or congestion.
Road Access as a Critical Factor: The presence of suitable road access is a crucial factor
for efficient waste management. Waste collection vehicles need to access the
skip bins easily and safely for effective waste pickup. The statement
emphasizes that skip bins should be located in areas that are easily reachable
by waste collection vehicles.
Placing skip bins near roadways or designated
loading zones ensures that waste management trucks can approach and maneuver around the bins with ease. This reduces the time
and effort required for waste collection and minimizes disruptions to traffic
flow or commercial activities within the market.
Proximity to Roadways and Loading Zones: The proximity of skip bins to roadways and loading zones
is essential to streamline waste collection operations. Waste management trucks
need to be able to access the bins without encountering obstacles or
hindrances. Placing the skip bins near roadways or loading zones facilitates
quick and safe waste collection without causing disruptions to the overall
market environment.
Benefits of Strategic Placement: Properly placing skip bins in strategic locations based
on building and road factors offers several benefits:
·Efficient Waste Collection: Waste
collection becomes faster and more efficient when trucks can easily access skip
bins without navigational challenges.
·Reduced Congestion: Carefully
selected bin locations prevent congestion in high-traffic areas and allow for
smooth waste pickup without disrupting market activities.
·Accessibility for All Users:
Placing skip bins in easily accessible areas benefits all users, from vendors
to shoppers, ensuring proper waste disposal for a cleaner environment.
·Optimized Resource Allocation:
Strategic placement maximizes waste collection efficiency, reducing the time
and resources needed for waste management.
Urban Planning Considerations: The factors of building placement and road access align
with principles of urban planning. Urban planners aim to create functional,
accessible, and sustainable spaces. Properly positioning skip bins with respect
to these factors contributes to a well-designed waste management infrastructure
that supports both environmental and community goals.
In summary, the statements highlight the significance of
considering building placement and road access when determining suitable areas
for additional skip bins. These factors ensure accessible and efficient waste
collection, minimize disruptions, and contribute to a cleaner and more
organized environment within the Bodija market or any
similar area. The approach aligns with urban planning principles and aims to
optimize waste management operations for the benefit of all stakeholders.
Figure 6: Suitability Map for New Skip Bins
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ConclusionTop
of Form
In
conclusion, the concentration of skip bins and inadequate distribution in the
study area has posed challenges to efficient waste management. By strategically
distributing the skip bins at 100-meter intervals and implementing a
sustainable skip bin packing schedule, the study area can significantly improve
waste management practices, reduce environmental pollution, and foster a
cleaner and healthier living environment for its residents. This proactive
approach to waste management will contribute to the overall sustainability of
the study area and set an example for other regions to follow.
Based on the study findings,
the following are recommended to the government in order to manage waste
disposal adequately in the study area.
The first recommended action for the
government is to enhance the existing policy on solid waste management in the
study area. This improvement should involve a comprehensive review of the
current policy to identify weaknesses and areas for enhancement. The revised
policy should address key issues such as skip bin distribution, waste
collection schedules, recycling initiatives, penalties for illegal dumping, and
measures to promote community involvement in waste management. By updating the
policy, the government can establish a clear framework for waste disposal,
ensuring better coordination and efficiency in waste management efforts.
Sensitization
on the Importance of a Cleaner Environment:
Public awareness plays a crucial role in promoting
responsible waste disposal practices. The government should initiate extensive
sensitization campaigns to educate the residents about the significance of
maintaining a cleaner environment. These campaigns can utilize various
communication channels, including radio, television, social media, community
gatherings, and educational institutions. The aim is to instill
a sense of environmental responsibility and encourage active participation in
waste reduction and recycling initiatives.
Creation of
Additional Skip Bins:
To tackle the problem of waste accumulation around
buildings and roads, the government should invest in creating additional skip
bins strategically placed in areas of high waste generation. These newly placed
skip bins should complement the existing ones, providing more accessible waste
disposal options for residents. By reducing the distance to the nearest skip
bin, the likelihood of indiscriminate waste dumping will decrease, contributing
to a cleaner and safer environment.
Encouraging
Individual Responsibility for Waste Disposal:
The government should emphasize individual responsibility
for waste disposal among residents. This can be achieved through public
campaigns and educational programs that highlight the adverse effects of
indiscriminate waste disposal and the importance of personal accountability.
Implementing penalties for those caught dumping waste improperly will further
incentivize responsible waste disposal practices.
Regulating
Waste Disposal Agents:
Local waste disposal agents, particularly those in
markets and commercial areas, should be closely monitored and regulated by the
government. They should be prohibited from dumping waste anywhere they please
and strictly instructed to use designated waste disposal sites or skip bins. To
enforce compliance, fines should be imposed on agents found violating these
regulations, encouraging them to follow proper waste disposal protocols.
By
implementing these recommended strategies, the government can significantly
improve waste disposal management in the study area. Enhancing the existing
policy, raising public awareness, increasing skip bin availability, promoting
individual responsibility, and regulating waste disposal agents are all crucial
steps in achieving a cleaner and more sustainable environment. The success of
these measures relies on collaborative efforts among the government, residents,
and waste management agencies to ensure a cleaner, healthier, and more
environmentally conscious community.
REFERENCES
Arlosoroff, S. (1982) WB/UNDP Integrated resource recovery project:
Recycling of wastes in developing countries. In Appropriate waste management for developing countries. Ed K. Curi New York Plenum Press.
Akbari D (2011). Appointment of appropriate sites for waste disposal by GIS
Marrakech. Morocco.
Arlosoroff, S. (1982) WB/UNDP Integrated resource recovery project:
Recycling of wastes in developing countries. In Appropriate waste management for developing countries. Ed K. Curi New York Plenum Press.
Akbari D (2011). Appointment of appropriate sites for waste disposal by GIS
Marrakech. Morocco
Uwadiegwu,
B. O., and K. E. Chukwu."Strategies for effective urban solid waste management in
Nigeria."European Scientific Journal 9.8
(2013).
Rosenbaum, Paul R. "The consequences of
adjustment for a concomitant variable that has been affected by the
treatment." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A:
Statistics in Society 147.5 (1984): 656-666..
Şener,
Başak, M. LütfiSüzen, and VedatDoyuran."Landfill site
selection by using geographic information systems."Environmental
geology 49 (2006): 376-388.
Shuaibu M. Trade
liberalization and intra‐regional trade: A case of selected ECOWAS
countries. African Development Review. 2015 Mar;27(1):27-40.
Omuta, Gideon
ED. "The quality of urban lifeand the perception of liveability: A
case study of neighbourhoods in Benin City, Nigeria." Social Indicators
Research 20 (1988): 417-440.
Uwadiegwu,
B. O., and K. E. Chukwu."Strategies for effective urban solid waste management in
Nigeria."European Scientific Journal 9.8
(2013).
Ekwueme, O. and Achukanu, P. (2002): Strategies and Effective Urban Solid
Waste
Emun, F., et
al. "Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process simulation and
optimization." Computers & chemical engineering 34.3 (2010):
331-338.
Cite this Article: Gafar, AF; Ashiru, SK; Aribilola, TR; Odoh, EO; Adamu, I; Gbenle, A; Ogunleye, F; Benson,
AG; Olaoluwa, IA.; Isa, I.; Afiz,
R; Ehisienmhen, NO (2023). Solid Waste Disposal in Bodija Market Ibadan, Oyo State. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety,
11(1): 7-15.
