INTRODUCTION
There is
a great wealth of scientific evidence demonstrating the detrimental health
effect on smokers, including increased risks of heart disease, lung cancer, and
other respiratory diseases.(1-2) Research has also highlighted the health risk
of non-smoker or passive smokers in
particular in the work environment, but also to non-smoking partners including
children.(1) In the home environment as well as health problems in foetus in pregnant woman.(2) Cigarette smoking is said to
be responsible for over 25 diseases in human.(2) There are suggestions that
smoking causes cognitive decline and result in the loss of grey matter tissue
in the brain. (3-5) The Centre for disease control and prevention (6) estimates
that each day in the United States nearly 4400 young people between 12-17years
initiate smoking.(6) Cigarette smoking contains over 4000 different chemicals
and compounds, 43 are known carcinogens below are the brief list of the major
chemical and compound, nicotine, tar, ammonia, lead, licorice, cocoa, carbon
monoxide, carbon disulphide, hydrogen, cyanide, menthol,
acetone, arsenic, polonium 210, cadmium, mercury, benzene, formaldehyde.(6)
Although, it is quite obvious that smoking habit is dangerous and injuries to
health but still a large number of people especially young adults {18-30} are
attracting and getting involved in smoking habit day by day. (7) Some of this
reason of addiction is obvious such as influence of friend/peer pressure or
community members.(3) According to report of U.S health department (8-9) harm
of tobacco smoke is fatal to smokers as well as non-smokers because smoking can
cause many type of cancers. Furthermore, tobacco contains about 4000 chemicals
and 250 are known to be harmful.(7) Researchers have demonstrated that smoking
has led to increase in antisocial behaviour among
young adult.(5) These young adults are the hope of any nation, to sustain this,
the health of the young adult is essential in nation growth.(7-8) It is
important to note that the rate of smoking is on the increase today in our
society and this has shortened the life expectancy of our young adults.(10-12)
This
study is geared towards health educating young adult in Bumoundi
community about the health implications of smoking. Thus creating awareness on
the dangers of cigarette smoking to the health of young adults and reducing the
rate of smoking amongst this age group. In addition, enabling them have adequate knowledge about the effect of smoking, hence
increasing the life expectancy in young adults in Bumoundi
community
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The
research method entails; research
design, setting, target population, sampling technique, instrument for data
collection, validity and reliability of the instrument, method of data
collection, method of data analyses and ethical consideration.
Research design
The
research design that was used for this study was descriptive, the method
employed enabled the researcher to find out and assess the knowledge and
attitude of the health implication of smoking in young adult in Bumoundi, community yenagoa local
government area of Bayelsa state.
Setting
This
study was carried out in Bumoundi Community in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa
State. This is an Ijaw speaking community of the Ekpetiama kingdom. The community is made up of three
compounds and is being ruled by the paramount ruler and his council of chiefs
and presently has a population of about 550 people comprising of youth, adult
and women. The community is accessible by water and road and at opposite
directions to Akaibiri. It has a road link to Bumoundi-gbene. The community has its neighbouring
communities, which are; Akaibiri and Bumoundi-gbene. The community has societal amenities like;
secondary and primary school, town hall, non-functional primary health care centre e.t.c., the people of Bumoundi are peace loving and kind hearted.
Target population
The
target population of this study was male and female resident of Bumoundi community that falls between the ages of
(18-30years), despite their ethnicities.
Sampling technique
Owing
to the total population of the members of Bumoundi,
Community within the age of (18-30years). A total sampling technique involved
70 male and female residents of Bumoundi community
that falls between the ages of (18-30years), despite their ethnicities were
participants of the study.
Instrument for data collection
The
instrument for date collection used for this study was self-structured
questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into five sections; Section A was
to do with demographic data of the respondents, section B was on the knowledge
of the heath implication of smoking in young adult [18-30years and section C
attitude of the heath implication of smoking in young adult [18-30years],
section D factors affecting their practice, and section E, determining measures
taken to stop smoking was used for data collection. The questionnaire was
developed by the researcher and respondents were enrolled to participate in the
research study.
Validity/ reliability of instrument
The
researcher was constructed the research instrument and it will be examined and
pretested by the researcher supervisor for comment and corrections, all
corrections will be effected in the research instrument before administration.
Method of data collection
The
Data for the research study was collected using self-structured questionnaire
method. They were distributed to 70 respondents ‘selected for the study, after
which the researcher retrieved the completed questionnaires and analyse the data.
Method of data analysis
Data
was analysed using a tabular representation, showing
frequencies and percentages. The relative formula used was;
n=N/1+Ne˛
Where;
N =
population size.
e=
margin of error.
n=
70/1+70(0.01)˛
n=
70/1+0.007
n=70/1.007
n=69.5
Ethical consideration
Ethical
clearance was obtained for the study.
RESULTS
These results were based on the presentation
of data obtained from the study carried. Frequency
distribution tables and descriptive statistics analysis of these data using
percentages. Below are the tables and the analysis of the dates:
Table 4.1 Ages of
Respondents
|
AGES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCCENTAGES (%)
|
|
18-20
|
6
|
9
|
|
21-24
|
14
|
20
|
|
25-27
|
18
|
26
|
|
28-30
|
32
|
46
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above, majority of the respondents,
32 (46%) are between 28-30years of age, 18 (26%)
are between 25-27, 14(20%) are between
21-24years and 6 (9%) are between 18-20.
Table 4.2 Marital
Status of Respondents
|
Marital Status
|
Frequency
|
Percentages (%)
|
|
Single
|
68
|
97
|
|
Married
|
2
|
3
|
|
Divorced
|
0
|
0
|
|
Separated
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 68 (97%)
of the respondents are single and 2 (3
)
are married.
Table 4.3 Religion of
Respondents
|
Religion
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
|
|
Christian
|
70
|
100
|
|
Islam
|
0
|
0
|
|
Pagan
|
0
|
0
|
|
Others
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 70 (100%)
of the respondents are Christian
Table 4.4:
Nationality of Respondents
All 70 (100%) of the respondents specified to
be Nigerians
Table
4.5: State of Origin of Respondents
All 70 (100%) of the respondents specified to
be Bayelsians
Table 4.6: Gender of
Respondents
All 70 (100%) of the respondents specified to
be males
Table
4.7: Occupation of Respondents
|
Occupation
|
Frequency
|
Percentages (%)
|
|
Civil servants
|
4
|
6
|
|
Business Man and Women
|
6
|
9
|
|
Farmer
|
14
|
20
|
|
Others (Student)
|
56
|
80
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
Table
4.8: Have you ever had an awareness taken on the dangers of tobacco?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
67
|
96
|
|
No
|
3
|
4
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 67 (96%) of the
respondents were aware of the dangers of tobacco while 3 (4%) were not aware.
Table
4.9: Do you know that smoking causes lung diseases?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
69
|
99
|
|
No
|
1
|
1
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 69 (99%) of respondents
were aware that smoking caused lung diseases while 1 (1%) did not know.
Table
4.10: Does smoking causes any other diseases apart from the lung in the human
body?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
49
|
70
|
|
No
|
21
|
30
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 49 (70%) of the
respondents said, smoking causes other diseases in the body while 21 (30%) do
not know.
Table
4.11: smoking shortens the life span of an individual?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
46
|
66
|
|
No
|
24
|
34
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table,
49 (66%) of the respondents acknowledged that, smoking shortened the life span
of individuals while 24 (34%) did not know.
Table
4.12: Do you believe this statement; smokers are liable to die young?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
39
|
56
|
|
No
|
31
|
44
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table,
39 (56%) of the respondent acknowledged; smokers were liable to die young while
31 (44%) did not know.
Table
4.13: smokers have more friends?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
64
|
92
|
|
Disagree
|
4
|
6
|
|
Unsure
|
2
|
4
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 64 (92%) of the
respondents said; smokers had more friends, 4 (6%) did not agree, and 2 (4%)
were unsure.
Table
4.14: smokers are more attractive than non-smokers?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
8
|
12
|
|
Disagree
|
59
|
84
|
|
Unsure
|
3
|
4
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 8 (12%) of the respondents
said; smokers are more attractive than non-smokers, 59 (84%) did not agree, and
3 (4%) is unsure.
Table
4.15: A total ban of smoker is necessary?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
57
|
82
|
|
Disagree
|
11
|
16
|
|
Unsure
|
2
|
2
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 57 (82%) of the
respondents acknowledged; A total ban of smoking was necessary, 11 (16%) did
not agree, and 2 (2%) were unsure.
Table
4.16: sales of packets will determine smoking rate?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
67
|
96
|
|
Disagree
|
2
|
3
|
|
Unsure
|
1
|
1
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 67 (96%) of the
respondents acknowledged; sales of packets will determine smoking rate, 2 (3%)
did not agree, and 1 (1%) was unsure.
Table
4.17: smoking is good for relaxation?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
66
|
94
|
|
Disagree
|
3
|
4
|
|
Unsure
|
1
|
2
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 66 (94%) of the
respondents said, smoking is good for relaxation, 3 (4%) did not agree, and 1 (2%) was unsure.
Table
4.18: smoking keeps weight in check?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
31
|
44
|
|
Disagree
|
32
|
46
|
|
Unsure
|
7
|
10
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 31 (44%) of the
respondents acknowledged; smoking keeps weight in check, 3 2 (46%) did not
agree, and 7 (10%) were unsure
Table
4.19: Do you think; stop smoking sign is a bad idea?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
31
|
44
|
|
Disagree
|
32
|
46
|
|
Unsure
|
7
|
10
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 31 (44%) of the
respondents acknowledged, stop smoking sign was a bad idea, 32 (46%) did not
agree, and 7 (10%) were unsure
Table
4.20: Does smoking peers influence you in smoking?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
66
|
94
|
|
Disagree
|
4
|
6
|
|
Unsure
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 66 (94%) of the
respondents acknowledged; smoking peers influence you in smoking, 4 (6%) did
not agree, and 0 (0%) was unsure
Table
4.21: Does non-smoking peers influence you in smoking?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
59
|
84
|
|
Disagree
|
9
|
13
|
|
Unsure
|
2
|
3
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 59 (84%) of the
respondents acknowledged, non-smoking peers influence you in smoking, 9 (13%)
did not agree, and 2 (3%) were unsure.
Table
4.22: Availability of tobacco products?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
51
|
73
|
|
Disagree
|
19
|
27
|
|
Unsure
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 51 (73%) of the
respondents acknowledged, availability of tobacco products influence their
practice of smoking, 19 (27%) did not agree, and 0 (0%) was unsure.
Table
4.23: Do you smoke because you want to feel high?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
61
|
87
|
|
Disagree
|
6
|
9
|
|
Unsure
|
3
|
4
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 61 (87%) of the
respondents said, they smoked because they want to feel high, 6 (9%) did not
agree, and 3 (4%) were unsure.
Table
4.24: Do you smoke because of sadness?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Agree
|
48
|
68
|
|
Disagree
|
22
|
32
|
|
Unsure
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 48 (68%) of the
respondents said, they smoke because of sadness, 22 (32%) did not agree, and 0
(0%) is unsure.
Table
4.25: Are you aware of any assistive method that may help you stop smoking?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
62
|
88
|
|
No
|
8
|
12
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 62 (88%) of the
respondents said, theyare aware of assistive method
that may help you stop smoking, 8 (12%) did not know.
Table
4.26: Have you heard about medication that helps people stop smoking such as
Nicotine Replacement therapy?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
24
|
34
|
|
No
|
48
|
66
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 24 (34%) of the
respondents acknowledged, they have you heard about medication that helps
people stop smoking, 48 (66%) did not know.
Table
4.27: Do you think “No smoking day is a good idea?”
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
64
|
92
|
|
No
|
6
|
8
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 64 (92%) of the
respondents said, No smoking was a good idea, 6 (8%) said no.
Table
4.28: Have you used any stop smoking medication to try stop smoking”
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
2
|
3
|
|
No
|
68
|
97
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 2 (3%) of the
respondents said, they have used stop smoking medication to try stop smoking,
68 (97%) said no.
Table
4.29: Have you used any stop smoking methods to try stop smoking”
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
48
|
68
|
|
No
|
22
|
32
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 48 (68%) of the
respondents said, they have used stop smoking methods to try stop smoking, 22
(32%) said no
Table
4.30: Do you yourself attempt to give up or cut down your smoking rate”
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages %
|
|
Yes
|
61
|
87
|
|
No
|
9
|
13
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100
|
From the above table, 61 (87%) of the
respondents said, they have attempt to give up or cut down your smoking rate, 9
(13%) said no
DISCUSSION
This study is on the knowledge and attitude
of the health implication of smoking in young Adults (18-30years) in Bumoundi Community, Bayelsa
State. This study also reveals that; the health implication of smoking is
largely knowledgeable to smokers, despite the knowledge of individuals towards
the detrimental health effects of smoking, yet, individuals still have poor
attitude towards smoking. This study also reveals that, factors affecting the
practice of smoking are; smoking peers, non-smoking peers, availability of
tobacco products, smoke because they want to feel high, and sadness also. It
also revealed that, various respondents have practiced to cut down or give up
smoking, yet, proven unsuccessful. (13-15) This study
assessed the knowledge and attitude of the health implication of smoking in
young adults (18-30years) in Bumoundi, Ekpetiama, Bayelsa State.
From table 4.1 to 4.8 shows that; 32
(46%) of the respondents were between the ages of (28-30years), 68 (97%) were
single, 70 (100%) were Christians, 70 (100%) were Nigerians, 70 (100%) were bayelsians, 70 (100%) were males and 58 (80%) were still
students. Dealing with the question whether young adults in Bumoundi
community have adequate knowledge about the health implication of smoking?
.Table 4.9 shows that; majority of the respondents 67 (96%) are aware of the
dangers of taken tobacco products, table 4.10 shows that, 69 (99%) knows that
smoking causes lung diseases, table 11 shows that, 49 (70%) of the respondents
knows that, smoking causes others diseases in the human body also apart from
the lung diseases, only 21 (30%) did not know, table 4.12 shows that, smoking
can shorten the life span of an individual while 24 (34%) said no, table 4.13
shows that, 39 (56%) of respondents said, smoker are liable to die young, while
31 (44%) said No. This finding is according to a study carried out by (2) to
assess the knowledge of the negative effect of cigarette smoking on health and
wellbeing among southern Nigeria youth show that; young smokers’ knowledge of
the health effect of cigarette smoking is pivotal in tobacco control especially
among those within this growth stage. The fact that most of
the young smokers who have attempted to quit or have the intention to quite,
tend to have a high level of the knowledge of the health effect of cigarette
smoking. For the attitudes of young Adults in Bumoundi
Community towards the health implication of smoking, Table 4.14 shows that; 8
(12%) of the respondents said; smokers are more attractive than non-smokers, 59
(84%) did not agree, and 3 (4%) is unsure, table 4.15 shows that, 57 (82%) of
the respondents said; A total ban of smoker is necessary, 11 (16%) did not
agree, and 2 (2%) is unsure, table 4.16 shows that, 67 (96%) of the respondents
said; sales of packets will determine smoking rate, 2 (3%) did not agree, and 1
(1%) is unsure, table 4. 17 shows that, 66 (94%) of the respondents said,
smoking is good for relaxation, 3
(4%) did not agree, and 1 (2%) is unsure, table 4.18 shows that, 31 (44%) of
the respondents said; smoking keeps weight in check, 3 2 (46%) did not agree,
and 7 (10%) is unsure, table 4.19, 31 (44%) of the respondents said, stop
smoking sign is a bad idea, 32 (46%) did not agree, and 7 (10%) is unsure. This
finding is according to (16); they looked at positive and negative attitude
toward smoking to determine, if the attitude predicted smoking behaviour.
Table 4.20 shows that, 66 (94%) of the
respondents said; smoking peers influence you in smoking, 4 (6%) did not agree,
and 0 (0%) is unsure. Table 4.21 shows that, 59 (84%) of the respondents said,
on-smoking peers influence you in smoking, 9 (13%) did not agree, and 2 (3%) is
unsure. Table 4.22 shows that, 51 (73%) of the respondents said, availability
of tobacco products influence their practice of smoking, 19 (27%) did not
agree, and 0 (0%) is unsure. Table 4.23 shows that, 61 (87%) of the respondents
said, they smoke because you want to feel high, 6 (9%) did not agree, and 3
(4%) is unsure. Table 4.24 shows that, 48 (68%) of the respondents said, they
smoke because of sadness, 22 (32%) did not agree, and 0 (0%) is unsure. This
finding is according to a study carried out by (17) states that; regarding
reasons for smoking, 31.7% always smoked so as to cool off; over 50.0%
sometimes smoked in order relieve stress whereas, 43.3% always smoked to feel
relaxed. For increase of sexual performance, 15.0% of respondents always smoked
to enhance their performance and 37.9% sometimes smoked to enhance their
performance. 16.4% always and 45% sometimes smoked to increase work output.
48.9% always smoked to enjoy with friends. Staying awake, 55.7% of respondents
did smoke sometimes to stay awake; 58.20% sometimes smoked to be sociable,
likewise in 46% of respondents, alcohol influenced their reasons for smoking.
However, Table 4.25 shows that, 62
(88%) of the respondents acknowledged, they are aware of assistive method that
may help you stop smoking, 8 (12%) did not know. Table 4.26 shows that, 24
(34%) of the respondents acknowledged, they have you heard about medication that
helps people stop smoking, 48 (66%) did not know. Table 4.27 shows that, 64
(92%) of the respondents acknowledged, No smoking day is a good idea, 6 (8%)
said no. Table 4.28 shows that, 2 (3%) of the respondents acknowledged, they
have used stop smoking medication to try stop smoking, 68 (97%) said no. Table
4.29 shows that, 48 (68%) of the respondents acknowledged, they have used stop
smoking methods to try stop smoking, 22 (32%) said no. Table 4.30 shows that,
61 (87%) of the respondents acknowledged, they have attempt to give up or cut
down your smoking rate, 9 (13%) said no. This finding is accordance to
according to international scientific evidence, about 70% of smokers wanted to
quit, 30% have made a previous cessation attempt and 8% of them have used any
medications for smoking cessation.
CONCLUSION
Our
study revealed that over half of the respondents were aware of the dangers
smoking and the other relationship to lung cancer. However, less than 50% of
the responds did not know that smoking could cause diseases in the body.
Smoking is a global health challenge,
in developing and developed countries of the world. It is also the biggest
cause of preventable death; Smoking is known to cause various health diseases,
mostly lung cancer and other diseases like cancer of the lips, mouth, oesophagus, stomach, impotence in men, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Most smokers are aware of the health implication of various
tobacco products. This included the health warning given by federal ministry of
health (Nigeria) that, stating that smokers are liable to die young. To some of
the young adults it is a mere statement that does not come true. However,
others believe it to be true, yet, some percentage of smokers still have poor
attitude towards smoking. The challenge of quitting smoking has been proven
unsuccessful by a good number of the young adults due to the withdrawal
symptoms they face.
Conflict of interest: There was no conflict of interest
Grant: There was
grant for the study
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