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Greener Journal of Plant
breeding and Crop Science
ISSN: 2354-2292
Vol. 10(1), pp. 24-30, 2022
Copyright ©2022, the copyright of this
article is retained by the author(s)
https://gjournals.org/gjbcs
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Effect
of NPS fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on Growth, Yield and Yield
Components of Common bean under Midland Conditions of Bale, Southeastern
Ethiopia
Tamiru Meleta*1
and Reta Dargie*2
Oromia
Agricultural Research Institute, Sinana Agricultural
Research Centre, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia.
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ARTICLE INFO
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ABSTRACT
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Article No.:053022058
Type: Research
Full Text: PDF, HTML, PHP, EPUB
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The study
was conducted in 2019 and 2020 main cropping season at two locations in East
Bale and Bale Zone, Ethiopia, to determine the optimum blended NPS
fertilizer rate and intra-row spacing of common bean for maximum yield and
yield components. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with
haricot bean varieties (Doyo and Wabaro) as main plots and combined NPS fertilizer rate
and intra-row spacing as sub-plots with three replications. The treatments
consisted of four rates of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and
three intra-row spacing (5, 10 and 15cm). Among the main treatment, variety Wabaro showed significant effect on yield components and
yield of common bean except thousand seed weight. Interaction effect of
variety, blended NPS fertilizer rate and intra-row spacing highly
significantly (P<0.01) affected days to 50% flowering, days to 90% of
maturity date, Plant height, number of pod per plant, grain yield kg
ha-1.The highest grain yield (2635.17kg ha-1) was obtained from variety Wabaro at intra-row spacing 5cm and 50 kg NPS ha-1 and
the lowest grain yield (1683.11kg ha-1) was obtained from Doyo variety at intra-row spacing 15cm and no NPS
fertilizer application. The attractive net benefit (36315.79 birr ha-1) was
obtained from planting Wabaro variety at intra-row
spacing 5cm and 50 kg NPS ha-1. Based on agronomic performance and economic
analysis, use of Wabaro at intra-row spacing 5cm
and 50 kg NPS ha-1 is promising for production of Wabaro
common bean variety at Ginir, Goro
and similar agro ecologies.
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Accepted: 31/05/2022
Published: 29/10/2022
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*Corresponding Author
Tamiru Meleta
E-mail: tamish09@ gmail.com
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Keywords: Blended
NPS fertilizer rates, Common bean Variety, Grain Yield, Intra-row spacing.
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Background
& Justifications
Common
bean is the most important pulse crops grown in central, southern, eastern and
western lowland and mid altitudes of Ethiopia. It
grows best in warm climate at temperature of 18 to 24oC (Teshale et al., 2005).The wide range of growth habits
among common bean varieties has enabled the crop to be cultivated well under
different agro-ecological surroundings. Common bean is very favored by
Ethiopian farmers because of its fast maturing uniqueness that enables
households to get cash returns essential to pay for food and other household
needs when other crops have not yet matured (Legesse et al., 2006). Besides, its
use as a readily available source of protein for farmers, it is also an
important cash crop and export commodity that generate foreign exchange for the
country Abebe G (2009). It is also the major staple
food supplementing the protein source for the poor farmers who cannot afford to
buy expensive meat. Despite its tremendous importance the
current national average yield of red and white haricot bean is 16.58 and 17.19
quintals per hectare and total area and total productions is estimated to be
1,011,195.00 and 2611135.00 hectares and 89382.69 and 216803.91 quintals
respectively (CSA,2018), which is far lower than its yield
potential, mainly owing to various production constraints. Among the
constraints, lack of well adapted varieties, fertilizers levels, planting date,
row spacing (population density), weed and disease control and weather
conditions are important factors determining the productivity and quality of
bean crops (Gebremedhin, 2015).
Legumes including common bean
have high P requirement due to the production of protein containing compounds,
in which N and P are important constituents, and P concentration in legumes is
generally much higher than that found in grasses. High seed production of
legumes primarily depends on the amount of P absorbed (Khan et al.,
2003). The yield of common bean increases with P application (Gemechu, 1990) and its nodulation and fixation of N can be
improved with the application of P (Amare, 1987).
Sulfur is among macronutrient
which limits and plays many important roles in the growth and development of
plants especially legume crops. The main roles of S in
legume crops production are: chlorophyll formation, photosynthesis, development
of amino acids, the building blocks of plant protein, increased root growth,
promotion of nodule formation, enhancing N2 fixation, and the
encouragement of more vigorous plant growth. Therefore, application of NPS
fertilizer is very important to maximize the yield of common bean. Hence,
optimization of plant density for high yielding genotypes with suitable intra-row
spacing is crucial in order to increase common bean productivity per unit area.
Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives:-
To
evaluate the economic feasibility of different intra-row spacing and NPS rates
of common bean variety for maximum yield and yield components.
To find
out the optimum intra row spacing and NPS rate for common bean production under
midland conditions of Bale.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Ginir and Goro for
two consecutive main cropping seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment was laid
out in split plot with haricot bean varieties (Wabaro
and Doyo) as main plots and factorial combined of NPS
fertilizer rate and intra-row spacing as sub-plots with three replications. The
treatments consisted of four rates of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1)
and three intra-row spacing (5, 10 and 15cm). The size of each plot was 3 m x
2.4 m (7.2 m2) and distances between the plots and blocks were 1m
and 1.5m respectively. At physiological maturity, crops from the central four
rows were harvested and used for determining yield and yield components.
Soil samples taken prior to sowing were taken randomly in W-shaped
pattern from entire experimental field using auger and composited to one
representative sample using standard procedures in order to determine necessary
nutrients particularly, particle size distribution, pH, organic carbon, Cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, and available
Phosphorus (P).
Data were collected on major agronomic and phonological characters.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using SAS software. Homogeneity of variance was tested using F test as
described by Gomez and Gomez.
Table 1.Constituents of respective nutrients
in the determined rate of NPS (kg ha-1)
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No
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Blended NPS fertilizer rate (kg ha-1 )
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N
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P2O5
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S
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1
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0 kg NPS
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0
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0
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0
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2
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50 kg NPS
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9.5
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19
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3.5
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3
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100 kg NPS
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19
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38
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7
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4
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150 kg NPS
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28.5
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57
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10.5
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Physico-chemical properties of the experimental site
According
to soil analysis result, the soil of the experimental site was found to be clay
(Table 2). This might indicate that there was better water and nutrient holding
capacity of the soil for growing the crop at the site. The pH showed a neutral
according to rating of Landon (1991). The available P level during the
experiment at Ginir
and Goro is
10.23 and 8.43 mg kg-1 respectively which is medium according to Roy
et al. (2006) (Table 2). According to Tekalign et al., 1991 total nitrogen of the
experimental soil was medium.
Table 2.Chemical and physical characteristics
of the soil of experimental Site
Days to flowering and Physiological
maturity
The
combined main effect of varieties and intra-row spacing were highly significant
(P<0.001).However, the main effects of row spacing and NPS fertilizer
application, interaction of varieties with row spacing and NPS fertilizer
rates, interaction of spacing and NPS fertilizer rate and three way
interactions of varieties, spacing and NPS fertilizer rates did not show
significant difference on days to flowering. Variety Doyo
exhibited significantly earlier to number of days to flowering than variety Wabaro (Table3). There was a difference of 6 days early
between the two varieties. This might be due to the inherent genetic differences
between the varieties. The longest days to flowering with wider intra-row
spacing might be due to the fact that more nutritional area available in the
wider row spacing might have caused the crop to flower later than the narrower
spacing. This result is in line with Samih (2008) who
reported that when beans are planted at the lower planting densities, the
plants required more number of days for flowering. Days to Physiological
maturity was also significantly (P<0.01) affected by main effect of
varieties intra-row spacing and blended NPS fertilizer application rate. The
two and three way interaction of varieties, intra-row spacing and NPS- rate did
not show significant difference on days to 90% physiological maturity. Variety Doyo matured significantly earlier than Wabaro
(108 days) (Table 3).Probably genetic make-up of the varieties was responsible
for the variation in their maturity days.
Plant height
Plant height
was highly (P<0.01) affected by the main effect of varieties and intra-row
spacing, while the main effect of NPS
fertilizer application rates and two and three factor interaction of
varieties, intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer application rates did not show
significant effect on plant height. Variety Wabaro
was significantly taller (54.21 cm) than Doyo (51.55
cm) (Table 3). It was about 2.66% taller than the height of Doyo
variety. Ullah et
al. (2007) reported that differences in plant height could be due to
variation in genetic make-up or the hormonal balance and cell division rate
that result in changes in the plant height of the different varieties. With
regard to the effects of intra-row spacing, the maximum plant height (49.09 cm)
was recorded at narrow intra-row spacing of 5cm (Table 3). Similar
findings were reported by Khalil et al.
(2015), who indicated that the denser plant population increased the plant
height of faba bean due to competition among plants.
Table 3: Mean effect of varieties, NPS
fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on days to flowering days to
physiological maturity and plants height
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Treatments
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Days
of flowering
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Days
of maturity
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Plant
height
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Varieties
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Doyo
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49.67b
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111a
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51.55b
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Wabaro
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51.80a
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110b
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54.21a
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LSD (5%)
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0.43
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0.23
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1.28
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Intra-row spacing
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5 cm
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48.49ab
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110c
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53.18a
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10 cm
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48.61ab
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111b
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51.80ab
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15 cm
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49.09a
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112a
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49.09b
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LSD (5%)
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0.63
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0.34
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1.88
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Blended NPS fertilizer rates
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0 kg
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49.60b
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111a
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52.58a
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50 kg
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49.60b
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110a
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52.92a
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100 kg
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49.08b
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111a
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53.71a
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150 kg
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50.65a
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111a
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52.32a
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LSD (5%)
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0.80
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0.43
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2.83
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CV (%)
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3.81
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0.89
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10.44
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Number of pods per plant
The
result of analysis of variance indicated that there was
significant(P<0.01) effect on number
of pod per plants due to main effect of variety, intra-row spacing, NPS
fertilizer rates, interaction between variety x NPS fertilizer rates and
variety x intra-row spacing x NPS fertilizer rates (Table 4).The highest
number of pods per plant (21.8) was obtained from Wabaro
variety x 5cm×50 kg NPS fertilizer application rates , while the lowest
number of pods per plant (16.3) was found from Doyo x
5cm with no NPS fertilizer application (Table 4). Increasing application rates
of blended NPS fertilizer from 0 to 150kg ha-1 resulted in
progressive increase of the number of pods per plant. The increase in number of
pods per plant with the increased NPS rates might possibly be due to adequate
availability of N, P and S which might have facilitated the production of
primary branches and plant height which might in turn have contributed for the
production of higher number of total pods. This result was in line with Malek et al.
(2013) who reported that the number of pods per plant of lentil was
significantly influenced by plant density.
Table 4: Means
of number of pod per plant of common bean as influenced by interaction of variety,
intra –row spacing and blended NPS fertilizer rates at Goro
and Ginir.
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Varieties
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Intra-row
spacing(cm)
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Blended NPS fertilizer rates kg ha-1
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0
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50
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100
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150
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Doyo
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5
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16.3c
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16.6c
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18.1abc
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16.9c
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10
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16.1c
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17.3bc
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17.6abc
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18.6abc
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15
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17.0c
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17.7abc
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18.8abc
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19.3abc
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Wabaro
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5
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18.2abc
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21.8abc
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18.4abc
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18.9abc
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10
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17.7abc
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19.0abc
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20.7a
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20.5ab
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15
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17.4bc
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19.1abc
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19.4abc
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19.6abc
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lSD(0.05)
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3.54
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CV (%)
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12.92
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Aboveground dry biomass yield (kg ha-1)
Aboveground
biomass yield was highly (P<0.01) affected by main effects of variety, intra-row
spacing, NPS fertilizer level and three way interaction of variety, intra-row
spacing and NPS fertilizer rates, while two way analysis did not showed significant
effect on above ground biomass (Table 5).Regarding the effect of interaction
effect of Variety x NPS x intra-row spacing, the aboveground dry biomass
increased with a decrease in intra-row spacing where the highest aboveground
dry biomass yield (6168.9kg ha−1)
was recorded from Wabaro variety at narrow intra-row
spacing of 5 cm, which had a significant difference with 10 cm, while
the lowest aboveground dry biomass yield (4512.2
kg ha−1) was recorded at wider intra-row spacing of
15 cm (Table5). This result was in agreement with Solomon (2003) who
reported that dry biomass per hectare was significantly increased with
increased plant density on common bean.
Table 5.Means of above-ground dry
biomass yield (kg ha-1) of common bean as influenced by interaction
of variety,intra –row
spacing and blended NPS fertilizer rates at Goro and Ginir, 2019 and 2020
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Varieties
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Intra-row
spacing(cm)
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Blended NPS fertilizer
rates kg ha-1
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0
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50
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100
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150
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|
Doyo
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5
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4614.58bc
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5301.08bc
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5520.83ab
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5654.17ab
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10
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4703.13b
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4995.14bc
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5750.00ab
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4802.78bc
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15
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4482.15c
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4881.25bc
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5045.14bc
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5602.78ab
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Wabaro
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5
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4570.83bc
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6168.89a
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5564.58ab
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5739.58ab
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10
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4923.61bc
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5474.31ab
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5638.89ab
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5604.17ab
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15
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5138.89bc
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5253.47ab
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5302.08b
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5559.72ab
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LSD(0.05)
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814.63
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Cv(%)
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17.90
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Adjusted grain yield (kg ha-1)
There was
highly significant (P<0.01) main effects of variety, row spacing, NPS level,
and interaction effect of variety x row spacing and NPS level on grain yield of
common bean varieties. The highest grain yield (2635.2 kg ha-1)
was recorded from Wabaro variety at the intra-row
spacing of 5 cm and 50 NPS kg ha-1 fertilizer application rates. The
lowest grain yield (1683.11kg N ha-1) was recorded from Doyo
variety at 15 cm intra-row spacing and 0 kg NPS ha-1 (Table 6). The
numbers of pod per plant, number of seed per pod might be attributed to the
final yield. For both varieties, as the NPS level was increased from 0 to 150
kg ha-1common bean grain yield also increased gradually. The maximum
grain yield was found in narrow intra-row spacing of 5cm. The result was in
agreement with Gunri and Chaudhury
(2004) that closer spacing proved better in grain yield of rice, nutrient use
efficiency and uptake than the wider row spacing. Amare
et al. (2014) stated that interaction
effect of variety, row arrangement and NPS levels had significant effect on
grain yield ha-1on grain yield of common bean (Table 6).
Table 6. Means of Grain yield (kg ha-1) of
common bean as influenced by interaction of variety, intra –row spacing and
blended NPS fertilizer rates at Goro and Ginir, 2019 and 2020
|
Varieties
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Intra-row
spacing(cm)
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Blended NPS fertilizer
rates kg ha-1
|
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0
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50
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100
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150
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Doyo
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5
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1882.29bc
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2163.54ab
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2229.01ab
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2357.97ab
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10
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1752.71bc
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2042.20bc
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2110.43bc
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2207.93ab
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15
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1628.11c
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1863.25abc
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1965.19bc
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2143.49ab
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Wabaro
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5
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2025.16bc
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2596.93ab
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2544.91ab
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2635.17a
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10
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2077.05bc
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2151.67ab
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2495.23ab
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2382.20ab
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15
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1761.01bc
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2116.34b
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2100.57bc
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2048.77bc
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LSD(0.05)
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487.31
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CV (%)
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16.24
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Partial Budget Analysis
The result
of the present study included the costs for NPS fertilizer and labor cost for fertilizer
application varied. The grain yield was adjusted downward by 10% and net
benefits are calculated by field price of common bean grain yield that was 14
Birr kg-1 in Ginir and Goro
during the production season. The highest net benefit (36315.79 birr ha-1)
was obtained from treatment combination of variety wabaro,5cm intra-row spacing
and 50kg NPS ha-1, while the lowest (24236.78birr ha-1) net
benefit was obtained from the
combination of variety doyo,5cm intra- row spacing and 0 kg NPS ha-1.
According to CIMMYT (1988), the minimum acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR
%) should be between 50 and 100%. Therefore, the most attractive rate of return
with higher benefits in this result was obtained with the combination variety wabaro, 50 kg NPS ha-1 with 5cm intra-row
spacing recommended for the farmers in study area.
Table 7. Result
of economic analysis for effect of blended fertilizer (NPS) and intra-row
spacing for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties at Goro and Ginir during 2019-2020
main cropping seasons
|
Varieties + Intra-row+ NPS kg/ha-1
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Total
Cost
|
Marginal
Cost
|
Net
Benefit
|
Marginal
Benefit
|
Marginal
ret of Return
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|
Doyo
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5 cm
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0
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0
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0
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27104.98
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0
|
0
|
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Doyo
|
5 cm
|
50 kg
|
1080
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1080
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30074.98
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2969.2
|
274.93
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Doyo
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5 cm
|
100 kg
|
1930
|
850
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30167.74
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92.76
|
10.91
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|
Doyo
|
5 cm
|
150 kg
|
2780
|
850
|
31174.77
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1007.03
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118.47
|
|
Doyo
|
10 cm
|
0
|
0
|
0
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25239.02
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0
|
0
|
|
Doyo
|
10 cm
|
50 kg
|
1080
|
1080
|
28327.68
|
3088.66
|
285.98
|
|
Doyo
|
10 cm
|
100 kg
|
1930
|
850
|
28460.19
|
132.51
|
15.59
|
|
Doyo
|
10 cm
|
150 kg
|
2780
|
850
|
29014.19
|
554
|
65.17
|
|
Doyo
|
15 cm
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
24236.78
|
0
|
0
|
|
Doyo
|
15 cm
|
50 kg
|
1080
|
1080
|
25750.8
|
1514.02
|
140.18
|
|
Doyo
|
15 cm
|
100 kg
|
1930
|
850
|
26368.74
|
617.19
|
72.61
|
|
Doyo
|
15 cm
|
150 kg
|
2780
|
850
|
28086.26
|
1717.52
|
202.06
|
|
Wabero
|
5 cm
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
29162.3
|
0
|
0
|
|
Wabero
|
5 cm
|
50 kg
|
1080
|
1080
|
36315.79
|
7153.49
|
662.36
|
|
Wabero
|
10 cm
|
0
|
0
|
850
|
29909.52
|
0
|
0
|
|
Wabero
|
10 cm
|
100 kg
|
1930
|
850
|
34001.31
|
4091.79
|
481.38
|
|
Wabero
|
15 cm
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
25358.54
|
0
|
0
|
|
Wabero
|
15 cm
|
50 kg
|
1080
|
1080
|
29395.3
|
4036.76
|
373.77
|
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Use of
blended NPS fertilizer is common practice among farming community throughout
the world but application of blended NPS fertilizer to legumes is limited
especially in the developing countries. The results of present investigation
reveal that application of NPS fertilizer and use of Optimum intra row spacing
in combination significantly increased growth and yield characteristics of
common bean. Among different NPS and intra-row spacing tested, the combination
of 50 NPS kg ha-1 and 5cm intra-row spacing provide the highest
yield and led to highest net benefit. Based on this experiment, the economic
analysis showed that 50 NPS kg ha-1 and 5cm intra-row spacing tested
at Goro and Ginir locations
gave the highest common bean yield (2635.17kg ha -1) with the net
benefit (36315.79 birr ha -1) with the highest marginal rate of
return (115.09%) are economically feasible alternative to the other treatments.
Therefore it is advisable for farmers in the study area growWabaro
variety with combination of 5cm intra-row spacing and 50 kg NPS fertilizer ha-1
to improve the grain yield of common bean based as of the soil nutrient status
during the study.
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Cite
this Article: Meleta, T; Dargie, R (2022).
Effect of NPS fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on Growth, Yield and
Yield Components of Common bean under Midland Conditions of Bale,
Southeastern Ethiopia. Greener Journal of Plant breeding and Crop
Science, 10(1): 24-30.
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