The study was carried out on the
production of glue from catfish bones obtained from wurukum
market, in makurdi metropolis, benue
state, Nigeria. The catfish was bought from wurukum
market Makurdi, the catfish was process, the bones
was reduced to smaller size with aid of a hammer and were analyzed for quality indicators for glue production from
catfish bones using standard method. The results of quality indicator for
moisture content had the maximum deviation of (1.115) while the pH had the
minimum of (-0.090), density had the maximum deviation of (0.431), viscosity
had the minimum indicator of (-20.90), and the ash content quality indicator
deviation was (0.560). Between the value of the
quality indicators for standard glue compared with values obtained from the
produced glue. The produced glue was more acidic than the standard glue, more dense, lower viscosity (less result to flow),
contain more water and had more ash than the
standard glue.The result of the
effects of different quantity of water content on quality indicator of
produced glue from catfish bones, the mean (x) values of effect of different
quantity of water content on moisture content of quality indicator of
produced glue from catfish bones had the mean (x) value of (20.08) while the
pH had the mean (x) value of (5.92), density had the mean (x) value of
(2.174), viscosity had the mean (x) value of (51.56), and the ash content
for quality indicator had the mean (x) value of (3.14). In general, the
catfish glue has good binding force valuable for users.
Accepted:20/05/2024
Published: 09/06/2024
*Corresponding
Author
Gav, BL
E-mail: benedictgav@ gmail.com
Keywords: Production of Adhesives, Glue, catfish bones, Quality
indicators.
INTRODUCTION
Glues are part
of a larger family called adhesives, it is often overlooked in its significance,
and it is an indispensable adhesive that plays a pivotal role in a multitude of
applications across various industries. This versatile substance bonds
materials together, reinforcing structures and enhancing the durability of
assembled components. With advancements in adhesive technology, organic glues
have evolved to meet the demands of diverse and intricate projects properties,
like in the applications, and innovations in the field of glue, emphasizing its
pivotal role in the development of cutting-edge products and processes (Zhang and Sun, 2012).
Throughout history, humans
have relied on natural resources to meet their adhesive needs. Animal-bones
glues, derived from sources such as bones, hides, and fish, have played a vital
role in various cultural, artistic, and practical applications. Understanding
the origins and characteristics of these natural adhesives provides valuable
insights into traditional craftsmanship techniques and offers inspiration for
contemporary adhesive development. Glue
derived from catfish, a fascinating and lesser-known source of natural
adhesive, represents an intriguing topic at the intersection of biology and
technology. Catfish glue, also known as fish glue, is a remarkable substance
extracted from the swim bladders of certain catfish species (Su et al., 2016). This unique adhesive has
been utilized for centuries in various cultural practices and traditional
crafts due to its exceptional properties and versatility.
There has been an increasing
interest in fish by-products during the past years.Today it is
seen as a potential resource instead of a waste and much research is being done
in order to explore the possible uses of different by-products. Fish wastes
resulting from industrial fish processing operations often consists of offal,
flesh, skin, bone, entrails, shell etc., but fish glue tended to be too thin and less sticky (Lim et al., 2020). Fish glue is
usually more expensive than animal glue, since fish glue is liquid and it is
easy to use, if required, fish skin can be preserved by salting and dryingbefore processing into glue, it is a highly viscous liquid at room
temperature (Ahmadiet al.,
2018). This glue purity is various depending of the
manufacturing process. TheCatfish glue is a natural product which
is obtained by cooking fish skin, followed by evaporation, fish glue is impure
gelatin (collagen) prepared from fish heads, bones and skins. Fish glue is
known for value added product from catfish processing by-products as the
adhesive agent (Park et al., 2016).
Today
overexploitation of fish resources is a big problem, only about 50-60% of the
catch is used for human consumption. Globally more than 91 million tons of fish
and shellfish are caught each year, some of the by-products are utilized today,
but huge amounts are wasted. Annual discard rate from the world fisheries were
estimated to be approximately 20 million tons (25%) per year (FAO, 2015).
Therefore, it is a great potential for the fishing industry to utilize more of
what is landed. This includes “waste” or by-products or what should really be
called rest raw materials. Fish glue is known as a value added product from
fish processing by-products, and as the adhesive agent. Collagen itself is not
soluble in water, but it can be broken down by heat in the presence of water
and other chemicals to produce a water-soluble product, where the end product
is glue (Gómez-Guillénet al., 2011). By-products are products that are not regarded as
ordinary saleable products (fillet, round, eviscerated or beheaded fish), but
which can be recycled after treatment. Waste products are products that cannot
be used for feed or value-added products but which have to be composted, burned
or destroyed. Fish by-products have often been regarded as fish offal or waste,
but this is not how it should be. The term by-products indicate something that
can be utilized. Fish glue was a common and important adhesive and binding
medium used by artists and craftsmen for painting media, coatings and grounds,
but also for the gilding of illuminated manuscripts (Petukhova,
2000). The purest form of fish glue, made from the membrane of the air bladder
(swim bladder) of certain fish species, in particular sturgeon, is called isinglass and its purity varies
depending on the manufacturing process.
Fish glue are used for furniture,
box making, plumbing, shoes, books,
buildings, and all automobiles uses glue in some part of their construction (Nalinanonet al.,
2011).The two classes are
distinguished by the fact that animal (fish) glue comes from organic compounds
while adhesives are chemical-based. Adhering materials called epoxies, caulks,
or sealants are also chemical compounds that have special additives to give
them properties suitable for particular jobs or applications. There are three
classes of substance that are called glues and that do not contain chemicals,
compounds, or high-tech additives, these are;
i.Bone glue
ii.Hide or skin glue
iii.Fish glue.
Technically, other sticky substances are adhesives, gums,
or cements, although users tend to use these terms interchangeably. Most
adhesives are chemical based, while glue is generally made from organic
compounds. These terms, however, are used loosely today and most adhesives are
still referred to as “glue.” The aim of the study is to
produce Glue (adhesive) from Catfish bones.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Study Area.
According
to the Benue state ministry of land and survey. Makurdi
town is located at Lat. 7° 471 and 10° 001 North and Long 6° 251 and 8° 81 East of the equator. It is bounded by Guma
Local Government Area to the North, Gwer Local
Government to the South, Gwer-West Local Government
Area to the South-West and Doma Local Government Area
of Nasarawa State to the North-West (Figure 1). It is
situated in the Benue Valley on the bank of river Benue. The town is
strategically located on the North-South transportation network by road and by
rail respectively, between Nasarawa and Enugu States
with the total land area of about 810 square kilometers (NPC, 2009). What is
known as Makurdi today has been in existence since
1912. It started as a typical village composed of scattered Tiv
compounds and Jukun fishermen settlement. With the
advent of colonialism, Makurdi became a centre of river trade, a railway town and an administrative
town. It became a provincial headquarters of Benue Province in 1927, when it
was transferred from Abinsi. Following the Local
Government reforms of 1970, Makurdi became the
headquarters of Makurdi Division. In 1976, following
the creation of Benue State out of the Benue Plateau, Makurdi
doubles as the State headquarters (capital) as well as the headquarters of Makurdi Local Government Area. The rail road and the trunk
‘A’ road that connect the Eastern states to the North and the North-East making
Makurdi a major cross road centre.
Makurdi has a population of 226,198 a density of 323
persons per square kilometres as of 1991, the
National Population Census data figures, has a population of 300, 377 with a
density of over 400 persons per square kilometres as
of the 2006 National population census data figures and the highest in the
state (NPC, 2009; Nyagba, 1995).
The study area used in this work was strictly
in Wurukum market makurdi.
The market is made up of market looking like buildings and roof with aluminum
sheet. The seller uses open rubbers with water to aid catfish to be swimming
around freely.
Fig 3.1 Map of markurdi Town, showing the sample sites (wurukum market.)
Sample Collection
Adult
Catfish will be purchase from Wurukum Market Markudi, Benue state, Nigeria. These samples will be
properly packed in a polythelylene sack and taken to
the laboratory
Sample Treatment
The
collected sample will be per-boiled, the skin and flesh will be separated and
the bones sample will be processed as follows;
Size Reduction
The
bones will be reduced to smaller size with aid of a hammer.
Washing and Treatment
with Lime Water
The
bones will be washed thoroughly with warm water to removed fat and dirt.
Hydrated lime saturation will be produced (94g/mol of
Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 1000 cm3
of water), 200 g of the bone sample will be soaked in the hydrated lime
solution for three days to eliminate odor and all traces of heir and flesh
attached to the bones. The bones will be removed and watches with distilled
water to rinse off the hydrated lime.
Preheating with
dilute Acid
The
sample will be treated with diluted hydrochloride acid (HCl)
to control the pH, thus ensure optimum breakdown of collagen to glue
Shredding/Crushing
The
sample will be dried for two days and crushed in a jaw crushes to particles
size of about 0.015 mm (30 mesh).
Gelling/Cooling
The
resulting bones glue will be allowed to stand for 40munites. On cooling a dirty
like material will be formed.
Method of analysis
Moisture content: 5mL of the glue sample will be weighed in a
crucible and heated in the oven at a temperature of 60oC until no
form of moisture is visible. Heating will be continued till no water is visible
in any part of the apparatus except in the trap and the volume of water in the
trap remained constant for five minutes. The sample will cool to room
temperature and weighed. The moisture content will be calculated using the
formula:
Moisture content (%)
= x 100%
Determination of ash content: 100mL of the glue
sample will be weighed in a beaker. The beaker with its content will be heated
to 500oC until the glue became very dry and the visible appearance
of black spots on the glue sample. The dried glue will be cooled to room
temperature and weighed. The ash content of the glue will be calculated using
the expression:
% Ash content = x 100
Determination of density: The densities of the
glue were determined by taking the weight of a known volume of the glue in a
density bottle (pycnometer) using an analytical
balance.
Determination of viscosity: The Viscosity
profile of the glue will be obtained using a viscometer (LvDv
I +, Brookfield, USA) with the spindle set at 60rpm following the technique
proposed by AOAC, (2000).
Determination of pH: This will be determined using a
digital pH meter (model HI 8424 with pH buffer 7). The pH meter will be
inserted into a beaker containing the catfish glue sample and the reading will
be taken.
Statistical Analysis
Assessments data on
mean level of glue will be analyze using descriptive statistics and the
proximate composition, like specific gravity, pH value, Moisture contents, ash
content will be analyzed using AOAC (2000) method obtained from the catfish
glue.
RESULTS
Table 1 Laboratory
result of quality indicators from produced glue from catfish bones
Parameters
Produced
glue (Y)
Stander
glue (Yi)
Mean
(X)
(∑YYi/n)
Deviation
(Y-X)
Moisture
content (%)
17.23
15.00
16.115
1.115
pH
5.88
6.06
5.97
-0.090
Viscosity
(cp)
38.20
80.00
59.1
-20.90
Ash
content (%)
3.120
2.000
2.56
0.560
Density
(g/cm3)
2.132
1.270
1.701
0.431
Table
2 Effect of water on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones
Water
content (ml)
Moisture
content (%)
pH
Ash
content
Viscosity
(cp)
Density
(g/cm3)
20
13.14
5.40
3.730
90.80
2.600
40
16.15
5.63
3.420
70.10
2.303
60
17.25
5.88
3.120
38.20
2.130
80
23.12
6.24
2.880
32.40
2.012
100
30.74
6.44
2.540
26.30
1.824
Mean
20.08
5.92
3.14
51.56
2.174
DISCUSSION
Quality
indicators of produced glue from catfish bones.
The result
of this study revealed the laboratory test of some quality indicator performed
on the produced glue as shown in table 4.1, the value of these quality
indicator for standard animal glue as stated by (Mittal and Pizzi,
2009) are also shown in table 4.1 for comparison with deviation from the
quality indicators parameter.
Table 1
shows that the quality indicator for moisture content had the maximum deviation
of (1.115) while the pH had the minimum of (-0.090), density had the maximum
deviation of (0.431), viscosity had the minimum indicator of (-20.90), and the
ash content quality indicator deviation was (0.560). Between the value of the quality indicators for standard glue compare
with values obtained from the produced glue. The produced glue was more acidic
than the standard glue, more dense, lower viscosity
(less result to flow), contain more water and had more ash
than the standard glue.
Effect
of water on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones
Table 2
shows the result on effects of different quantity of water content on quality
indicator of produced glue from catfish bones, the mean (X) values on effect of
different quantity of water content on moisture content of quality indicator of
produced glue from catfish bones had the mean (X) value of (20.08) while the pH
had the mean (X) value of (5.92), density had the mean (X) value of (2.174),
viscosity had the mean (X) value of (51.56), and the ash content for quality
indicator had the mean (X) value of (3.14).
Between the values on effects of different quantity of water content on
quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones, the produced glue have
viscosity as the highest mean (X) with the value of (51.56) followed by the
moisture content with a mean (X) value of (20.08) while water effect on the ash
content indicator has the lowest mean (X) value of (3.14) follow by density
with the mean (X) value of (2.174) because of the constituent of each quantity
of water content on the quality indicators.
CONCLUSION
The result of this
study has shown that Catfish glue produced in this research has the quality indicator for moisture content to be
the maximum deviation of (1.115) while the pH had the minimum of (-0.090),
density had the maximum deviation of (0.431), viscosity had the minimum
indicator of (-20.90), and the ash content quality indicator deviation was
(0.560).
In conclusion,
the production of glue from catfish bones represents a promising avenue for
sustainable innovation within the adhesive industry. The utilization of catfish
bones, an otherwise overlooked by-product of the fishing industry, not only
addresses waste management concerns but also taps into the potential of a
natural resource rich in collagen - a crucial element in adhesive formulations
and aligningwith the principles of
circular economy, transforming what was once considered waste into a valuable
raw material. As industries worldwide seek environmentally friendly
alternatives, glue derived from catfish bones stands out as a biodegradable and
eco-conscious option.
REFERENCES
Ahmadi, N., Shakeri,
A., Zandi, M., and Alishahi,
A. (2018). Isolation and Characterization of Gelatin Extracted from Different
Fish Species in Iran. Journal of Aquatic
Food Product Technology,27(4):466-474.
AOAC, (2000). Official Methods of Analysis International,
Horwitz W, (Editor). Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg Mongland, USA, 17th Ed,1(41): 1-68.
Benjakul, S., and Kittiphattanabawon, P. (2009). Fish Collagen. In: Benjakul, S. (Ed.), Advances in Food and Nutrition
Research. Academic Press, (58):463-500.
FAO, 2015. Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable
Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication. Rome, p. 30. Available at: www.fao.
org/3/a-i4356en.pdf
Gómez,
M. C., Giménez, B., López-Caballero,
M. E., and Montero, P. (2011). Functional and Bioactive Properties of Collagen
and Gelatin from Alternative Sources: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(8); 13-27..
Mittal, K.L., and Pizzi, A. (Eds.). (2009). Animal Adhesive. Handbook of
sealant technology. CRC press. 223-261.
Nalinanon, S., Benjakul, S., and Kishimura, H.
(2011). Characteristics and Functional Properties of Gelatin from Skin of Seabass (Latescalcarifer). Food
Chemistry, 124(2): 565-571.
Park,
S., Kim, S., Cho, S. W., and Kim, G. H. (2016). Evaluation of fish Gelatin and
its Adhesive Properties for Wood Bonding. International
Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, (68): 12-17.
Petukhova, T., (2000). A History of Fish Glue as an Artist’s
Material: Applications. In: Paper and Parchment Artifacts, The Book and paper Group, (19):111- 114.
Su,
Y. C., Shiau, Y. J., and Chen, T. H. (2016).
Utilization of Fish Bone Gelatin as an Eco-friendly Adhesive. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
(33), 43-51.
Zhang,
Y., and Sun, Y. (2012). Preparation and Properties of New Environmentally
Friendly Fish Glue. Advanced Materials
Research, (57); 669- 672.
Cite
this Article:Gav, BL; Nanev, JD; Surma N; Kutshak, PI; Owoicho, FO
(2024). Production of Glue (Adhesives) and Quality Evaluation from Catfish
Bones. Greener Journal of Science,
Engineering and Technological Research, 13(1): 40-45.
